云南传统水稻品种W axy基因多样性形成和维持机制初探

本研究针对W axy基因第四外显子和第五外显子的3个功能位点开发了新的AS-PCR标记，完善了W axy基因的分子标记体系，为更精确的鉴定和筛选目标W axy等位基因提供了工具。直链淀粉含量测定和AS-PCR分析结果显示，云南传统水稻品种具有极为丰富的W axy基因多样性和直链淀粉含量变异，308个传统品种中共检测到65种不同的W axy单倍型，直链淀粉含量变幅为0~48%。In1、E6、E10和E4op/hp这4个位点的碱基频率在四大稻区间存在显著差异，E2位点和In1位点的碱基频率在不同民族间存在显著差异，表明不同稻作区、不同民族对水稻直链淀粉含量和W axy基因有着多样化的选择。同时民族混居地区E2和In1位点的碱基频率不同于其相应的民族独居地区，说明不同民族混居也会产生对W axy基因不同的选择并增加W axy基因的多样性。多样化的选择和民族混居是云南传统水稻品种W axy基因多样性形成和维持的重要机制。在云南四大稻作区中，南部边缘水陆稻区的W axy单倍型最为丰富，共检测到50种单倍型，占总数的77%，这一区域应被设为云南传统稻种资源的保护优先区和核心区。     

Comparison of nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency between elite inbred lines and the landraces of maize

Abstract

Inadequate supply of nitrogen (N) fertilizers results in lower N use efficiency (NUE) and higher N losses which cause environmental deterioration, such as nitrate pollution of groundwater and emission of nitrous greenhouse gases. One way to increase NUE is to use N-efficient cultivars, which grow better under reduced N supplies. Both elite inbred lines and landraces are the basis for hybrid breeding in maize. While inbred lines are mostly selected from high N input conditions, landraces are historically distributed in poor soils with low N availability. Therefore, some potential NUE-related traits conserved in the landraces may have been lost during modern breeding processes. In the present study, the N accumulation and utilization efficiency of 15 elite inbred lines and four landraces of maize were compared at low (LN) and high N (HN) input conditions. In general, the grain yields of the inbred lines and the landraces were similar at both N rates. However, nitrogen accumulation ability in landraces was much higher than that of the inbred lines. The high N accumulation of landraces was closely related to their higher biomass, indicating that growth potential is the main driving force for N accumulation. Nevertheless, N utilization efficiency (grain produced per unit N absorbed) of the landraces was significantly lower than that in inbred lines. Correspondingly, assimilation allocation for grain formation, as indicated by the harvest index, was much lower in landraces than in inbred lines. The higher growth potential, and hence, the ability of N accumulation in landraces may be a valuable trait in breeding programs aiming to further improve N use efficiency.     

243份云南普通小麦地方品种抗条锈病鉴定及分子标记检测

【目的】小麦条锈病由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型（Puccinia striiformis. f. sp. tritici,Pst）引起的气传性真菌病害,是世界范围内最具破坏性的小麦病害之一。发掘抗病资源和培育抗病品种是防治条锈病最经济有效的措施。通过鉴定和评价云南小麦地方品种对中国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种的抗性水平,综合分析可能携带的抗条锈病基因,为小麦抗病育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用当前中国小麦生产上毒性强、流行频率高的条锈菌生理小种CYR32和CYR34对243份云南小麦地方品种进行苗期抗病性鉴定,成株期使用CYR32、CYR33、CYR34和贵农致病类群等混合生理小种进行抗性鉴定,并利用小麦生产上重要抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr65、Yr67、Yr80和Yr81的紧密连锁标记对供试材料进行分子检测。【结果】在243份小麦材料中,18份种质对CYR32表现苗期抗性,32份种质对CYR34表现苗期抗性,对CYR32和CYR34均表现苗期抗病的有8份,占3.29%。结合苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,174份地方种质表现为稳定的成株期抗性,占71.6%,其中105份种质高抗条锈病。分子检测结果显示,携带Yr10、Yr18、Yr29、Yr30、Yr65和Yr81抗性基因的材料分别有48、44、4、6、4和101份。同时携带2、3和4个抗性基因的材料各有34、4和1份。所有供试材料均未检测到Yr5、Yr15、Yr26、Yr28、Yr36、Yr39、Yr41、Yr48、Yr67和Yr80。此外,74份地方种质未检测到以上所有抗性基因,其中58份具有成株期抗性,可能携带其他已知或新的条锈病抗性基因。【结论】云南小麦地方品种作为中国特有的小麦种质资源,具有优良的条锈病抗性。243份供试小麦品种对当前条锈菌流行小种抗性水平整体偏高,筛选得到174份具有稳定抗性的地方种质,同时有74份可能携带其他已知或未知的抗性基因,可作为进一步挖掘抗条锈病新基因或QTL的亲本来源。     

福建省梨地方品种的遗传多样性研究

利用叶绿体DNA非编码区序列acc D-psa I和17对SSR引物对原产于福建省的49个梨地方品种的遗传多样性进行分析,旨在为育种利用提供参考。获得49份福建地方品种的acc D-psa I序列,并检测到4个多态性位点,包含5个叶绿体单倍型(Hap1~Hap5),其中核苷酸多态性(Pi)为0.00139,单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.660。TCS网络图显示Hap5是最古老的单倍型,其仅在两个样品中检测到。17个SSR位点共检测到211个等位基因位点,有效等位基因数(A)为5~23个,平均值为12.41;观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)的平均值分别为0.5802和0.7549;17个SSR位点的Shannon’s信息指数(I)值为0.5830~2.7683,平均值为1.8661,表现出较高的遗传多样性。基于Nei和Li的遗传距离的邻接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)将49份样品聚为9个组,其中大部分聚类结果与单倍型类型表现的亲缘关系较为一致。叶绿体单倍型和SSR多态性位点信息证实福建地方品种具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。     

基于Glb 1基因序列的西南地区玉米地方品种的系统进化

为探讨我国西南地区玉米地方品种Glb 1基因序列多态性,对40份西南地区玉米地方品种的Glb 1基因序列测序,并与Gen Bank中来自普通玉米、小颖玉米、繁茂玉米和摩擦禾的19条同源序列比对。结果表明,来自西南地区四川、重庆、云南和贵州的玉米地方品种分别有35、25、33和25个多态性位点,其遗传多态性分别是小颖玉米的87%、86%、85%和71%,8个种群遗传多态性指数的大小排序为小颖玉米、四川地方品种、重庆地方品种、云南地方品种、贵州地方品种、普通玉米、磨擦禾和繁茂玉米,Tajima’D、FuLi’D和FuLi,F检验表明Glb 1基因是中性进化基因。比较种群间DNA序列的共有多态性和固定差异,玉米地方品种与小颖玉米、繁茂玉米、磨擦禾间存在较高的固定差异和较低的共有多态性。Glb 1基因的系统进化关系及网状关系分析为玉蜀黍属的分类系统提供了佐证,四川玉米地方品种有较高的遗传多态性支持我国玉米由印度经西藏传入四川的论点。     

Performance and Variability of Local Barley Landraces in Near-Eastern Environments

Homozygous lines from six Syrian and two Jordanian landrace populations were tested under highly productive growing conditions in Tel Hadia (1982/83), under drought stress in Breda (1983/84), and under dryland salinity stress in Hegla (1982/83/84) in Syria. Mean grain yield levels ranged between 260 kg/ha and 4850 kg/ha. Under drought and salinity stress, the majority of the landrace lines out-yielded the best cheeks significantly. In Tel Hadia the check cultivars mostly outyielded the landrace lines, but not always significantly. In all environments the harvest index of the landrace lines was near the optimum for barley. They expressed intermediate plant height and time to flowering, high lodging susceptibility under favorable growing conditions, high protein content, and a wide range of yield component combinations. In the stress environments highly significant genetic variation among the landrace lines was found. The heritabilities for gram yield were high in these trials. The correlations between performance under stress and under favorable growing conditions were poor. Therefore, the largest gains for variety improvement for the Syrian steppe area are expected from direct selection under stress conditions. Unique responses in proline accumulation and germination patterns in saline solution indicated specific adaptation in this material. These landraces, thus, are a useful source of breeding material, which also widens the genetic base of the present breeding program.     

Search for partial resistance against Puccinia hordei in barley landraces from the Fertile Crescent

A collection of 111 barley landraces from the Fertile Crescent was screened for resistance to barley leaf rust in the field and under controlled conditions. Large variation was observed for disease severity under field conditions. Accessions with high resistance because of hypersensitivity were identified. Also segregation was observed in some accessions, with individual plants showing hypersensitive reactions (IT ≤ 6). Partial resistance due to a reduction of infection in spite of a compatible infection was commonly found (19%). Resistance of 12 accessions selected for their low disease severity and high IT, was shown to be due to a prolonged latency period and increased percentage of early aborted colonies not associated with host cell necrosis. A high correlation was observed between the microscopic and macroscopic components of partial resistance.     

Grain Yield and Quality of Durum Wheat Landraces in a Dry Mediterranean Region of Northern Syria

Twenty-two durum wheat landraces of various origins were evaluated for performance and stability of grain yield, protein content and gluten strength (SDS sedimentation volume) at two sites of Northern Syria situated in the drought-prone part of the local durum wheat belt. Yield was recorded in three seasons, while protein content and SDS volume were assessed in two seasons only. A high “entry X environment” interaction was observed for all traits, which was significantly attributable to heterogeneity of entry regressions on the environmental mean for grain yield only. Compared to the recently-bred, widely-grown variety ‘Sham I’, some landraces showed somewhat similar yield responses, whereas others proved more stable without being significantly lower yielding. Significant variation was found for SDS volume, though only few of the best-ranking landraces for this trait also possessed an acceptable yield level. The entries did not significantly differ for protein content. The broad sense heritability estimates obtained for grain yield (0.59) and SDS volume (0.89) highlighted the interest in some of the landraces examined for improving grain yield and quality in the region.     

Variation for resistance to Puccinia hordei in Ethiopian barley landraces

Summary Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated for infection type in the seedling and adult plant stage, and for latent period in the adult plant stage only. A low infection type indicates the presence of race-specific resistance genes of the hypersensitive type, while the latent period is the major component of the polygenic, partial resistance.In the seedling stage 1721 of these single plant derived landrace lines were assessed for infection type against two barley leaf rust races. In the adult plant stage 1227 from these 1721 lines were evaluated for infection type against one race. In the seedling stage 2 (against race 1-2-1) and 29 against race A) out of the 1721 lines showed an infection type lower than 6–7 on the 0 to 9 scale. In the adult plant stage none of the 1227 lines had an infection type lower than 6–7 against race 1-2-1.The variation between and within the landraces for latent period in the adult plant stage was large. Some landraces such as landrace 212845 showed a highly significant and longer mean latent period than most other landraces. Virtually all plants in all landraces carry at least some partial resistance.The near-absence of race-specific, major, resistance genes and the high frequency of moderate levels of partial resistance indicates that the durability of leaf rust resistance in Ethiopian barley landraces is due to the latter type of resistance, and that the multiline principle does not operate.