Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

不同外植体及冷藏处理对华中枸骨组织培养的影响

[目的]研究不同外植体及冷藏处理对华中枸骨组织培养的影响。[方法]以华中枸骨带芽新梢茎段为外植体,考察外植体的取材时间、部位以及4℃冷藏处理对其初代培养的影响。[结果]华中枸骨以带芽的新梢茎段作为外植体进行组织培养时,以春季采取植株中上部枝条为宜,其中春季萌条的芽增殖倍数可达到4,中上部萌条的芽萌动率可达到45%。适当的冷藏处理对外植体的消毒以及芽的萌动有利,4℃冷藏处理14 h后的消毒成功率最高,可达到92%;冷藏处理22 h的芽萌动率最高,可达到18%。[结论]华中枸骨组织培养中外植体最好于春季选取植株中上部萌发的新梢顶芽;华中枸骨芽的萌动率随冷藏时间的增加呈线性增长,可能与低温打破休眠有关。     

辣椒花药开放式培养及不同基因型对花药培养的影响

为了创新花药培养方法,并用于筛选出再生频率较高的辣椒品种,通过改进花蕾灭菌和花药接种方式,以及向NTH培养基中添加抑菌剂,建立了1种辣椒花药开放式培养的方法,具体内容为:对剥去3/4花萼的花蕾灭菌时更易杀死花蕾表面细菌和内生菌;徒手挤压花药降低了对花药的伤害,且花蕾接种速度为镊子夹取处理的2.18倍;添加25 mg/L的氨苄青霉素和25 mg/L的两性霉素B可使花药染菌率降低至1.42%;简化了培养环节,可用于大规模胚状体诱导和双单倍体植株的获得。同时,比较了23个辣椒品种的花药培养效果,筛选到了3个再生频率高的辣椒品种,分别为博辣红牛、H15和辣八螺丝王。     

The Prospects of Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering for Strawberry Improvement

Abstract

Strawberry shoot meristem cultures have been used for producing virus-free strawberry plants. Plantlet regneration from leaf mesophyll protoplasts, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation, mark the beginning of strawberry improvement with biotechnologies. The use of biotechnological tools has a greater potential in producing strawberry plants with traits such as early maturation, frost and disease resistance, mite and nematode resistance, high yield, better quality, suitability for mechanical harvesting, shipping ability, ellgaic acid content, aroma compounds and cost-effective micropropagation. Gene identification and mapping with RFLPs or RAPDs would be desirable. Transgenic strawberries should be tested for their quality before releasing to the consumers.     

旅游英语教学和实习中的秦皇岛本土文化推介

全国著名旅游城市秦皇岛有着悠久的历史和深厚丰富的本土文化底蕴,地处秦皇岛的高职院校大都开设旅游英语专业。但是在教师的教学中以及指导学生实习和实训过程中发现：学生在向中外游客宣传和推介秦皇岛的本土文化时困难重重,秦皇岛本土文化没能得到有效推介。分析了这种情况产生的原因,并提出了教学和实习改革对策。旨在使学生在涉外旅游中更好地输出秦皇岛本土文化,使高职教育更好地服务地区旅游经济发展。     

茎芥菜胞质四倍体白菜雄性不育系花药发育的研究

 以茎芥菜胞质雄性不育系与四倍体白菜杂交获得的同源四倍体白菜异源胞质雄性不育系及其保持系为材料，采用形态学和石蜡切片方法研究其花药解剖结构及发育。结果表明：该雄性不育为结构性雄性不育，其退化或畸形雄蕊分为5种类型：盾状雄蕊、条状雄蕊、片状雄蕊、羽状雄蕊和瓣状雄蕊。该雄性不育系花药发育败育有两个时期，盾状雄蕊花药败育于孢原细胞分化期，雄蕊整个发育时期均处在孢原细胞分化期，无绒毡层与花粉母细胞的分化，不形成药室，属孢子体败育型；其它类型雄蕊，花药败育发生在雄蕊原基分化时期，由于雄蕊原基偏离正常的分化轨道，形成瓣状化雄蕊。     

利用DAD1反义片段转化创建菜薹可调控雄性不育材料

 菜薹因为没有好的雄性不育材料或自交不亲和系，至今尚无一代杂种用于生产，根据拟南芥及白菜型油菜的花药不开裂基因DAD1的保守序列设计引物，扩增菜薹的DAD1基因片段（DAD1F），构建反义DAD1F植物表达载体，用农杆菌介导法转化菜薹，对转基因植株进行分子检测，鉴定其雄性不育性并进行育性恢复试验.克隆得到的菜薹的DAD1基因片段大小为678 bp，命名为BrcpDAD1F，其序列与拟南芥和白菜型油菜的DAD1高度同源，同源率分别为88％和99％；共得到了12株转基因植株，有6株在转录水平上得到表达，表现为雄性不育，花器官畸形，花粉活力低，萌发率不到10％，且开花后不能结角果或结空角果，或者得到极少种子但种子不萌发；用对照的花粉给转基因植株授粉可使其正常结实.以500 μmol·L^-1茉莉酸甲酯处理可使其雄性不育得到恢复，花粉可以在柱头和培养基上萌发，具有受精能力。T₁代可育株与不育株的比例都呈1:3分离, T₂代不同株系的育性分离比例不同，有些株系继续呈1:3的分离，有些株系全是可育株或全是不育株，说明反义抑制呈单基因稳定遗传。     

Genomic structure of androgenic progeny of pentaploid hybrids, Festuca arundinacea × Lolium multiflorum

To assess the usefulness of the doubled haploid (DH) method in the breeding of forage grasses, a sample of anther-derived progeny of pentaploid F₁ hybrids of Festuca arundinacea × Lolium multifiorum was karyotyped using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). The technique allowed scoring of the total number of chromosomes, the number of chromosomes contributed by each parent, and the number and positions of the Festuca-Lolium translocation breakpoints. Among 27 plants analysed, 13 belonged to three clones, effectively reducing the number of different progeny karyotyped to 17. These included 10 haploids, five doubled haploids and two plants for which the origins could not be explained. In all plants analysed, a mixture of chromosomes of both parents was present, including an average of 1.88 intergeneric translocations per plant. The translocation breakpoints were distributed along almost the entire length of the chromosome arms. Chromosome variation among androgenic progeny appeared much wider than that in the conventional backcross but low vigour and high mortality suggest that this additional variation may be difficult to exploit directly in breeding. However, a change in the pattern of recombination makes the entire genome accessible to manipulation.     

不同培养条件对油茶花药愈伤组织形成的影响

为了提高油茶花药培养的愈伤组织诱导率,以普通油茶、小果油茶、浙江红花油茶、广宁红花油茶为试验材料,初步研究了不同蔗糖质量浓度、培养基类型、琼脂用量、取材时期、是否光照培养及培养基是否添加活性炭等不同的培养条件对油茶花药愈伤组织形成的影响,来筛选较为适宜的培养条件．研究结果表明,在盛花初期所采样品的愈伤组织诱导率高于盛花末期所采样品的诱导率;以MS琼脂固化培养基、蔗糖质量浓度30～40g·L~(-1)为最佳的油茶花药愈伤组织的诱导培养基配方;在黑暗条件下培养可以提高油茶花药愈伤组织的诱导率．