Evaluating a multi-level subsurface drainage system for improved drainage water quality

This paper describes a multi-level drainage system, designed to improve drainage water quality. Results are presented from a field scale land reclamation experiment implemented in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales, Australia. A traditional single level drainage system and a multi-level drainage system were compared in the experiment in an irrigated field setting. The single level drainage system consisted of 1.8 m deep drains at 20 m spacing. This configuration is typical of subsurface drainage system design used in the area. The multi-level drainage system consisted of shallow closely spaced drains (3.3 m spacing at 0.75 m depth) underlain by deeper widely spaced drains (20 m spacing at 1.8 m depth). Data on drainage flows and salinity, water table regime and soil salinity were collected over a 2-year period.     

复杂盐碱生态条件的人工模拟及其对羊草生长的影响

将ＮａＣｌ、ＮａＨＣＯ３、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和ＮａＣｏ３按不同比例混和,模拟出３０种盐度和ＰＨ各不相同的盐碱生态条件,并用以处理并草苗。测定羊草苗的存活率、分蘖数、根戏数及相对生长率等生长指标;分析盐度和ＰＨ对羊草生长失作用及其盯关性。结果表明：３０处处理均匀覆盖了总盐度５０－３５０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＰＨ７．１４－１０．８１范围内的各处盐碱条件,羊草的各项生长指标均随盐浓度及Ｐ增高而下降;单纯高ＰＨ域盐度对羊     

Combined effects of salt stress and cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperospora cubensis Berk. and Curt. Rostov.) infection on growth,physiological traits and antioxidant activity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings

Abiotic and biotic stresses both decrease quality and quantity of cultivated plants. We compared responses of Cucumis sativus L. cvs Sardes and Beith alpha which were treated with 50 or 100 mM NaCl and/or infected by Pseudoperospora cubensis Berk. and Curt. Rostov.. Both cultivars were affected remarkably when fungus infection was combined with salt stress however; cv Sardes was found out to be relatively tolerant with sustainable growth performance, better leaf water status and lower lipid peroxidation levels under this condition. This relative tolerance could be related to the fine tuning of the activities of the antioxidative enzymes and proline levels.     

Fertilizer-induced Changes in Rhizosphere Electrical Conductivity: Relation to Forest Tree Seedling Root System Growth and Function

Fertilization is standard practice in forest tree seedling nursery culture. Additionally, fertilization at outplanting has potential to facilitate nutrient uptake and reduce transplant shock. Fertilization, however, may dramatically alter rhizosphere chemical properties such as pH, ion availability, and electrical conductivity (EC). These changes may inhibit root system growth and function by reducing soil osmotic potential and creating specific ion toxicities. The risk of root damage associated with high EC levels appears to be dependent on species, age of root system, and soil moisture availability. Root inhibition in container nursery culture of conifers is likely to occur above 2.5 dS m⁻¹, though threshold EC levels for bareroot culture and field plantings are largely unavailable. Fertilization at outplanting has the added risk that drought conditions may prevent leaching of excess fertilizer salts, which can increase rhizosphere EC beyond safe levels and ultimately impair root uptake of water or nutrients. For fertilization programs to be successful, a critical threshold balance must be maintained between optimizing seedling nutrient availability in the rhizosphere, while minimizing potential for root damage. Future research is needed to identify optimal EC levels for a range of species across all stages of the reforestation process, from nursery culture through plantation establishment.     

八个竹种海涂引种试验报告

本文从土壤含盐量着手对八个竹种在引种成活率、新竹抽发数及其质量、角竹笋产量等方面进行了较系统的研究。结果表明,土壤盐分影响竹子的生长发育,此影响一般随含盐量的增加而增加;不同竹种对土壤盐分的适应能力不同;角竹笋能获得高产,单产达20800kg/ha。参照产地母竹和引种地新竹的生长情况,我们建议:海涂地区发展竹子时可选用角竹、桂竹和红竹。     

盐分、干旱和种皮对濒危植物沼泽小叶桦种子萌发的影响

通过研究盐分(0、50、100、150、200和300 mmol L^-1 NaCl)、干旱(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30% 和35% PEG) 和种皮对沼泽小叶桦种子萌发的影响,探索濒危植物沼泽小叶桦 (Betula microphylla) 种子的萌发特征,旨在揭示其濒危的机制。结果表明,盐分、干旱与种皮及其交互作用对沼泽小叶桦种子的萌发率、萌发指数和萌发率达到50%的时间产生了显著地影响。种皮对沼泽小叶桦种子的萌发具有明显的抑制作用,除去种皮后,种子的萌发率及萌发指数极显著增加(p＜0.01),且萌发进程加快。不去种子时,沼泽小叶桦种子耐盐、耐旱的临界值与极限值分别为20.9mmol L^-1和108.7 mmol L^-1、0.4%和11.9%;去种皮时,沼泽小叶桦种子耐盐、耐旱的临界值与极限值分别为99.7mmol L^-1 和304.0 mmol L^-1、24.3%和28.01%,表明了去种皮显著提高显沼泽小叶桦种子萌发的耐盐性和耐旱性。阐明了沼泽小叶桦濒危的原因可能要归因于其较低的耐盐与耐旱性,同时种皮是其种子萌发的限制因子,为拯救濒危植物研究提供了理论依据。     

温度和盐度对花鲈胚胎及前期仔鱼发育影响的初步报告

花鲈（Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）胚胎发育的适宜温度为１０～２２℃，１０℃组中的畸形率偏高，因此最适宜温度为１３～２２℃。短时期的７℃低温对胚胎发育没有影响；前期仔鱼的适温范围与胚胎的适温范围基本一致。胚胎发育的适宜 盐度为１９‰～２８‰，以２２‰～２５‰为最佳；仔鱼对盐度的要求与胚胎期近似。以低盐度和高盐 度相比较，４日龄以后，低盐度似有利于仔鱼存活。     

温度、盐度对大银鱼胚胎发育的影响

大银鱼胚胎发育的温度、盐度生态幅较宽，适温范围为０．９～１．５２℃．孵化过程中昼夜温差不宜超出１～３℃。胚胎发育的盐度上限为１８％，仔鱼在４．３％以下可正常生活。     

杜氏藻对盐度的生理反应

1987年从天津汉沽盐场盐池分离培养了数个杜氏藻品系。1989年对其中盐生杜氏藻878和绿色杜氏藻876进行了盐度(分波美度3°、5°、10°、15°和20°5组)试验,试验水温为25±1℃,光照强度约40001x,光照时间10:14(L:D),N∶P∶Fe=20∶2∶1ppm。结果为最大生长量和最大生长率在波美度10°组。盐生杜氏藻878在波美度3°下,藻细胞呈绿黄色,5°和10°下为绿色,15°下为桔黄色,20°下为桔红色。绿色杜氏藻876,在所有的试验盐度下均为绿色。两个品系的细胞大小均随盐度增加而变小。从高盐度(20°Be′)接种到低盐度(3°Be′)适应较快。从低盐度(2.5°Be′)到高盐度(15°Be′)适应较慢。     

河蟹幼体对盐度变化忍受力的初步研究

本试验对河蟹氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅴ幼体及１～２日龄大眼幼体在盐度变化情况下的忍受力进行了观察，试验结果显示：氵蚤Ⅱ～Ⅲ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于１‰；氵蚤Ⅳ～Ⅴ幼体发育期盐度日降幅不宜大于２‰～３‰；至１～２日龄大眼幼体阶段盐度日降幅于５‰以下对存活率已无多大影响。