Level and Timing of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Early and Semi-early Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown with Irrigation on Light Soils in Norway

Trials were performed with early and semi-early potatoes to test the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizer level (0-160 kg N ha^-1) and timing (all at planting versus half then and half either soon after emergence or 3 weeks later). All seven trials with earlies were irrigated as required, whilst different irrigation regimes (moderate versus intensive) were compared in two trials with semi-earlies. No benefit was derived from splitting the N application. Haulm growth and N uptake increased in all cases almost linearly up to the highest N level, but tuber yield did not respond in the same way. The optimum N level was 80 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 15 Mg ha^-1, rising to 120 kg N ha^-1 for a yield of 40 Mg ha^-1. Tuber quality was lowered by the use of excess N fertilizer, particularly in the case of earlies. The quantity of mineralised N present in the soil after harvest rose sharply with above optimum fertilizer use, and the amount of N present in crop residues also increased. The likely leaching after early potatoes was estimated to be up to 80 kg N ha^-1. The proportion of fertilizer N which was not accounted for in either tuber yield, crop residues or mineral N in soil was 26% in earlies and 38% in semi-earlies.     

Rust control and EBDC residues in green beans sprayed with mancozeb and sulphur

Rust control and ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) residues in green beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Morgan') were evaluated in two seasons of 1993 in Dschang, Cameroon. Four weekly applications of mancozeb (2.8 kg ha- 1), sulphur (2.24 kg ha- 1), or mancozeb+sulphur (1.4+1.12 kg ha- 1) were initiated from initial rust symptoms. In both seasons, treatments with mancozeb alone resulted in a low area under pustule count progress curve (AUPPC) and a significant increase in leaf area index, and pod and green fodder yields. Pod yields were negatively correlated with AUPPC. Pod yield loss was estimated at 61% and 32% in the early and late seasons, respectively, while losses in green fodder yields were 57% and 24% respectively. EBDC residue levels decreased significantly with a delay in pod harvestand when pods were washed in running tap water. Residue levels were high in the late season, possibly due to low rainfall. Pods exposed to the combined fungicidal treatments accumulated higher levels of residues than those sprayed with mancozeb alone, suggesting a potential risk of EBDC accumulation on pods when EBDCs are mixed with sulphur.     

Flumequine depletion from muscle plus skin tissue of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) fed flumequine medicated feed in seawater at 18 and 24 °C

We examined flumequine depletion from muscle plus skin of gilthead seabream held in seawater at 18 and 24 °C. Seven groups of 10 fish each were sampled at intervals ranging from 24 to 168 h after in-feed administration of flumequine at 35 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Muscle plus skin tissue samples were analyzed for flumequine by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (HPLC-SFD). Parent flumequine concentrations declined rapidly from muscle plus skin after dosing with elimination half-lives of t_1/2=22.14 and 21.43 h at 18 and 24 °C, respectively. Withdrawal periods for the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 600 μg/kg flumequine in muscle plus skin at 95% tolerance limit were 106.08 and 75.84 h at 18 and 24 °C, respectively, after treatment.     

小麦和土壤中噻虫嗪残留及消解动态分析

为对噻虫嗪在小麦生产上应用的安全性进行评价,通过对小麦籽粒、植株和土壤进行前处理及在样品中添加噻虫嗪,建立其残留量定量检测分析方法;通过两年三地的残留试验,分析了小麦籽粒、植株和土壤中噻虫嗪的残留及消解动态,并对小麦籽粒中的残留量进行风险评估。结果表明,噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒、植株及土壤空白添加平均回收率为79.62%~94.70%,相对标准偏差为0.91%~6.56%,其最小检出量为5.0×10-8g,小麦籽粒、植株及土壤中的最低检测浓度均为0.01mg·kg-1。该检测方法重现性好,准确度、精密度高,可满足噻虫嗪在小麦及土壤中的残留分析要求。2011和2012年,河南、黑龙江和江苏三地噻虫嗪在小麦植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为0.85~2.24d和2.77~4.79d;通过不同施药次数、施药量及间隔采样检测,噻虫嗪在小麦籽粒中的最终残留量均≤0.038mg·kg-1,占日允许摄入量的15.04%左右(普通人群噻虫嗪的国家估算每日摄入量是0.25mg),因此按本试验方式进行施药,通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险。     

我国松花菜出口应对日本“肯定列表制度”研究

选取十字花科甘蓝属的松花菜作为研究对象,对比了我国松花菜的农药最大残留限量标准与日本的异同,并从涉及的农药的种类、残留限量值及农药超标原因综合分析方面提出了对策。     

General Situation of Wood Resource Utilization and Processing of Recycled Fibers in China

lntroductionItisconsidercdthatwoodasarcsourcctvillbcplaccdhighin2lstcenmpandasl1ortageoft`-oodt`illoccuriftheconditionoftheforestsoftl1cttorldisnotimproved.Tomakethcconscrvationofglobalen`.ironl11entandgndlivingofhumanbcings'tcndingofforcstandwiscuseOfwoo…     

甲基对硫磷降解菌的生态效应及应用

从活性污泥中分离的甲基对硫磷降解菌接种于含有甲基对硫磷的土壤中，表现了较强的降解农药残留的生态效应。在盆栽试验中，处理的各叶片变黄程度比对照均要轻，统计差异显著，稻米与稻壳中甲基对硫磷处理比对照下降了８２．２－１００％。田间试验中，农药加菌，农药加有机肥加菌的处理，其稻米中的甲基对硫磷残留均检测不到，而对照（只施农药不加菌），稻米中的甲基对硫磷含量为０．０６５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超过国家标准（０．０５ｍｇ     

石油污染物在羊草中的残留

以油田外围未受污染的羊草作对照,分析了大庆油田开采区受落地原油污染的草原土壤及其上生长的羊草中的挥发酚、石油烃、芳烃和苯并[a]芘4种污染物的质量分数。结果表明,受到石油污染后,土壤中石油污染物质量分数可以达到土壤背景值的几十倍,污染的和清洁对照的羊草中4种污染物质量分数的差异极显著。在低背景值情况下,挥发酚和苯并[a]芘在羊草中的残留率分别达到13.54%和6.87%。污染羊草中的挥发酚、石油烃和苯并[a]芘3种污染物的残留量与土壤中的质量分数之间有着显著的线性关系。     

沼气发酵残留物防治农作物病虫害的效果分析

沼气发酵残留物已对农田普遍发生的近30种病害具有防治作用，至少有20多种病害的防治效果达到或超过了现行使用的农药效果；在虫害方面，沼气发酵残留物对19种虫害取得明显的防治效果。利用沼气发酵残留物既可防治作物病虫害，而且还起到较好的肥效，是发展绿色农业、避免农药污染的理想方法。在抑制病原菌的研究方面，沼气发酵残留物对大肠杆菌、副伤寒杆菌和猪丹毒杆菌等致病菌具有显著抑制作用，对十株青霉和曲霉有不同的抑制效果,对17种农作物病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用。长期使用沼气发酵残留物这种“农药”，不会对环境带来污染，也不会产生病虫害的抗性等问题。     

枸杞中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的测定

建立了用配有氮磷检测器(NPD)的气相色谱仪测定枸杞中敌敌畏、氧化乐果、久效磷、乐果、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、克百威、抗蚜威8种农药残留量的方法。试样用乙腈提取,加氯化钠,使水相与有机相分层,取一定量有机相浓缩、定容。采用外标法定量。该方法的检出限为0.0016mg/kg～0.021mg/kg,8种农药的添加回收率为83.3%～116%,测定的相对标准偏差为1.23%～13.8%。方法简便、准确。