新生仔猪的护理——以上海某规模猪场为例

我国养猪业发展迅速，整体水平在不断提高，但是与养殖业较为发达的国家相比仍有一些差距。以每年每头母猪断奶的仔猪数（PSY）为例，目前国外养猪发达国家PSY普遍已超30头，而我国却仍在25头左右，仍有较大的提升空间。仔猪护理工作在生猪生产过程中尤为重要，一旦护理措施不当就会造成仔猪死亡，从而降低PSY，直接影响到养猪企业的经济效益。规模猪场仔猪死亡的主要原因就是由于仔猪护理不当所引起的，仔猪护理问题一直是养猪业的一个难题。文内以2020年4—5月上海某规模猪场某栋产房新生仔猪（共477头，其中压死8头，瘦弱致死12头，腹泻致死亡的32头）为例，介绍规模猪场的仔猪护理及注意事项，以期为仔猪护理工作提供借鉴。     

Effects of dietary supplementation of nucleotides from late gestation to lactation on the performance and oxidative stress status of sows and their offspring

Increased metabolic burdens in breeding sows, which are induced by elevated systemic oxidative stress, could increase the need for nucleotides to repair lymphocyte DNA damage; however, de novo synthesis of nucleotides may be insufficient to cover this increased need. This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides on milk composition, oxidative stress status, and the reproductive and lactational performance of sows. Forty multiparous sows were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (Control group, and 1 g/kg Nucleotides group) based on a randomized complete block design using their BW at 85 d of gestation as a block. Sows from 2 groups were fed a restricted diet during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. The experiment lasted from 85 d of gestation to 21 d of lactation. The reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of suckling piglets were measured. Oxidative stress parameters and milk components were also analysed. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows in the Nucleotides group consumed more feed during the first week (P < 0.01) and from 1 to 21 d (P < 0.05) of lactation than those in Control group. Correspondingly, the litter weight gain of piglets showed a tendency to increase from cross-fostering to 9 d (P = 0.09) and from cross-fostering to 20 d (P = 0.10) in the Nucleotides group relative to the Control group. Additionally, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the concentrations of uridine 5''monophosphate, guanosine 5''monophosphate, inosine 5''monophosphate, adenosine 5''monophosphate and total nucleotides in milk. Furthermore, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01) for sows at 109 d of gestation and glutathione peroxidase for weaning piglets, but lower at the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P < 0.05) in serum of weaning piglets. This study indicated that maternal dietary nucleotides could promote piglet growth, probably due to the higher lactational feed intake and higher concentration of nucleotides in the milk of sows, and lower oxidative stress for both sows and piglets.     

不同断奶日龄仔猪消化道酸度和胃蛋白酶活性的动态变化

将12窝同日龄新生仔猪随机分成4组，每组3窝，每窝为一个重复组，分别采取17、21、28和35日龄断奶，在断奶后12h、1周、2周和3周从每个重复组中随机抽取1头屠宰，共测定了54头仔猪胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜pH值及胃食糜中胃蛋白酶的活性。结果发现断奶后12h胃食糜pH值均高于同龄哺乳仔猪，并且达该组整个试验期间的最高，随后逐渐降低。4组仔猪在断奶后胃pH值回复到3.5所需的时间分别为3、2、1和1周，这表明断奶日龄越早，胃中pH值回复到3.5所需要的时间越长。 除十二指肠外，空肠和回肠食糜pH值基本上不受日龄和断奶的影响。哺乳仔猪从18－36日龄胃蛋白酶相对活性（U/ml胃液）和比活（U/mg蛋白质）增加10倍以上。不同断奶日龄仔猪各组在断奶后12h胃蛋白酶的相对活性和比活均聚然升高，达到该日龄铒猪阶段正常值的2倍左右，特别是小日龄断奶仔猪为明显，随后在3周内逐渐降低，至50日龄时稳定在一个较低水平。     

富乐旺对早期断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响

150头仔猪被随机分为5组,每组30头,进行饲养试验,探讨富乐旺对断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重升高其中10mg/kg、15mg/kg和20mg/kg富乐旺添加组差异显著(P<0.05);平均日采食量升高;饲料系数和腹泻率、腹泻频率及死亡率降低。     

Dietary dihydroartemisinin supplementation alleviates intestinal inflammatory injury through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation

The aim of present study was to evaluate whether diets supplemented with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) could alleviate intestinal inflammatory injury in weaned piglets with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Twelve normal birth weight (NBW) piglets and 12 piglets with IUGR were fed a basal diet (NBW-CON and IUCR-CON groups), and another 12 piglets with IUGR were fed the basal diet supplemented with DHA at 80 mg/kg (IUGR-DHA group) from 21 to 49 d of age. At 49 d of age, 8 piglets with similar body weight in each group were sacrificed. The jejunal and ileal samples were collected for further analysis. The results showed that IUGR impaired intestinal morphology, increased intestinal inflammatory response, raised enterocyte apoptosis and reduced enterocyte proliferation and activated transmembrane toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Dihydroartemisinin inclusion ameliorated intestinal morphology, indicated by increased villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, villus surface area and decreased villus width of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Compared with NBW piglets, IUGR piglets supplemented with DHA exhibited higher apoptosis index and caspase-3 expression, and lower proliferation index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the intestine (P < 0.05). Dihydroartemisinin supplementation attenuated the intestinal inflammation of piglets with IUGR, indicated by increased concentrations of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides (P < 0.05). In addition, DHA supplementation down-regulated the related mRNA expressions of TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated mRNA expressions of negative regulators of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathway in the intestine of piglets with IUGR (P < 0.05). Piglets in the IUGR-DHA group showed lower protein expressions of TLR4, phosphorylated NF-κB (pNF-κB) inhibitor α, nuclear pNF-κB, and higher protein expression of cytoplasmic pNF-κB in the intestine than those in the IUGR-CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DHA supplementation could improve intestinal morphology, regulate enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis, and alleviate intestinal inflammation through TLR4/NOD/NF-κB signaling pathway in weaned piglets with IUGR.     

中草药复方注射剂治疗仔猪腹泻的试验研究

[目的]探讨中草药复方注射剂对仔猪腹泻的治疗效果。[方法]提取中草药有效成分,制备中草药复方注射剂。用不同剂量(0.25、0.50和1.00 ml/kg)的中草药复方注射剂对人工感染的仔猪腹泻进行治疗试验。[结果]经过3 d治疗后,3个剂量组均有明显的治疗效果,治愈率可达60%~95%,极显著高于感染对照组,剂量以0.5 ml/kg为佳。将制备的复方注射剂和临床用的硫酸庆大霉素、诺氟沙星、头孢噻呋混悬、硫酸黄连素和博落回注射剂对人工感染的仔猪腹泻进行疗效对比试验,结果表明复方注射剂的治疗效果最好,治愈率达98.0%,明显优于其他注射剂。[结论]该中草药复方注射剂是临床上治疗仔猪腹泻的有效药物。     

黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生产性能与猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响

[目的]探讨黄芪多糖对断奶仔猪生产性能及对猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响,为黄芪多糖在养猪生产中的合理应用提供依据。[方法]将120头21日断奶仔猪随机分成4组（对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组）,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中拌入100、500和1000me,／kg黄芪多糖,通过测定日增重、日采食量、料肉比以及血清中猪瘟抗体效价、110和INF-γ含量,评价黄芪多糖不同添加水平对仔猪生产性能与猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响。[结果]试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组与对照组在日增重、料肉比、血清中猪瘟抗体效价、IL-4和INF-γ,含量方面差异均显著（P〈0．05）。[结论]添加500和1000mg／kg黄芪多糖均能显著提高断奶仔猪的生产性能。增强猪瘟癌苗的竞．癌效粟．     

仔猪血清运铁蛋白多态性及其与生产性能的相关性分析

[目的]探讨仔猪血清运铁蛋白多态性与生产性能的相关性。[方法]采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对60头仔猪血清运铁蛋白多态性进行了研究,并对血清运铁蛋白多态性与生产性能进行了相关性分析。[结果]被检仔猪血清运铁蛋白有2种基因型（Tf^AB和Tf^88）,以TfBB为优势基因型,基因型频率分别为0．3333和0．6667;TfA和Tf^B等位基因频率分别为0．1667和0．8333,以’畔为优势基因。仔猪血清运铁蛋白多态性与生产性能间无显著相关（P〉0．05）。[结论]仔猪血清运铁蛋白存在多态性,且血清蛋白多态性与生产性能间无显著相关。     

小麦-玉米-豆粕型日粮中木聚糖体外酶解的研究

采用体外模拟仔猪胃肠道环境的方法,用不同比例(0%~100%)的小麦替代玉米-豆粕(65∶25)型日粮中的玉米,并添加不同水平(0~10000 U/kg)的木聚糖酶,研究了小麦-玉米-豆粕型日粮中木聚糖的体外酶解。结果表明:在3种饲料原料中,小麦可溶性木聚糖含量最高,豆粕次之,玉米最低;随着日粮组合中小麦替代玉米比例的增加,日粮中可溶性木聚糖含量和总木聚糖含量均逐渐增加;各日粮组合中适宜的木聚糖酶添加水平均为6000 U/kg;以1/4玉米-3/4小麦-豆粕日粮组合较佳。     

低温对仔猪生产的影响及其机制

仔猪死亡是养猪生产面临的重大问题，由于初生仔猪要求的环境温度高达３４℃，仔猪在初生后受寒是导致其被压死、饿死、虚弱死及腹泻死亡的重要因素。综述了低温对仔猪体温、初乳吸收和腹泻发生三方面的影响及机理，并提出了防治建议。