Effects of three methionine sources in diets on temporal B0AT1 and ASCT2 mRNA expression in different intestinal segments of cobia,Rachycentron canadum

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted using five groups of hybrid grouper (61.15 ± 0.15 g) to explore the potential effects of three methionine (Met) sources. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated that included a fishmeal (FM) diet; nonsupplemented (NS) diet; or NS diets with the addition of the L‐methionine (L‐Met), DL‐methionine (DL‐Met), or coated Met (Co‐Met) to obtain the same Met level as the FM diet. Fish were randomly distributed into sea cages (30 fish per cage). Weight gain and specific growth rate in the DL‐Met group and FM group were significantly higher than those in all other groups (p < .05). In the proximal and distal intestines, of the 20 gene and time combinations (10 per gene), there were 14 combinations (70%) in which there were no significant differences in gene expression levels between the FM and DL‐Met groups (p > .05). The main reason for the same growth effect between the DL‐Met and FM groups may be attributed to the synchronized absorption at most time points after feeding, which had similar expression patterns of B⁰AT1 and ASCT2 of the proximal and distal intestines between two groups.     

Correlation between hydrolytic enzyme activities measured in bean seedlings afterTrichoderma koningii treatment combined with pregermination and the protective effect againstPythium splendens

An experimental protocol consisting in the colonisation of pregerminated bean seeds dressed withTrichoderma sp. was used in order to study the mechanisms correlated with the protective effect againstPythium splendens. Seed dressed with TH-11 (T. koningii) for 24 h presented a higher protective effect and a higher level of seed colonisation as compared to those dressed with TH-13 (T. longibranchiatum). The levels of seed coat colonisation by TH-11 and TH-13 was shown to be correlated with the carboxymethylcellulase activity, as measured in the seed coats retreived from germinating dressed bean seeds. The seed coat colonisation was also associated with an increased activities of endo-1,3-0">-glucanase and endochitinase measured in seed extracts, and an inhibitory effect of seed extracts onPythium sporangia germination. Pretreatment of TH-13-dressed seeds with a commercial cellulase improved all parameters mentioned above, thus suggesting a role of cellulase activity in the colonisation process and the linked protective effect. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in the protective effects is discussed.     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90013;100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11013;66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^013;1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^013;1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and 08tx49u23/xxlarge945.gif" alt="agr" align="BASELINE" BORDER="0">-amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^013;1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.     

Characterisation of energy-dependent efflux of imazalil and fenarimol in isolates of Penicillium italicum with a low,medium and high degree of resistance to DMI-fungicides

Differential accumulation of [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol by germlings of wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates ofPenicillium italicum was studied at various pH values. At pH 7 and 8 the low-resistant isolate E_300013;3 accumulated 22% and 35%, respectively, less imazalil than the wild-type isolate W₅. Imazalil accumulation at pH 5 and 6 was similar. Isolate E_300013;3 also accumulated less fenarimol as compared with the wild-type isolate. This difference was much more obvious than for imazalil and was observed at all pH values tested. Differences in accumulation of both imazalil and fenarimol between low (E_300013;3), medium (H₁₇) and high resistant (I₃₃) isolates were not observed. These results suggest that decreased accumulation of DMIs is responsible for a low level of resistance only and that additional mechanisms of resistance might operate in isolates with a medium and high degree of resistance. With all isolates fenarimol accumulation was energy-dependent. This was not obvious for imazalil.The wild-type and DMI-resistant isolates had a similar plasma membrane potential as determined with the probe [¹⁴C]tetraphenylphosphonium bromide ([¹⁴C]TPP⁺). Various test compounds, among which ATPase inhibitors, ionophoric antibiotics and calmodulin antagonists, affected the accumulation of [¹⁴C]TPP⁺, [¹⁴C]imazalil and [¹⁴C]fenarimol. No obvious correlation between the effects of the test compounds on accumulation levels of the fungicides and [¹⁴C]TPP⁺ could be observed. These results indicate that the plasma membrane potential does not mediate the efflux of DMI fungicides byP. italicum.     

猪瘟病毒E0基因在CHO细胞中的表达

将EGFPE0融合基因插入哺乳动物细胞表达载体pCI-dhfr中,构建重组质粒pCI-EGFPE0。将重组质粒转染CHO(dhfr-),在荧光显微镜下观察到少数细胞呈现绿色荧光,表明转染成功。通过MTX加压筛选后,在荧光显微镜下观察到多数细胞呈现强绿色荧光,表明重组融合蛋白EGFPE0在CHO细胞中得到大量表达。高效表达重组融合蛋白细胞克隆的获得为进一步大量制备可溶性的猪瘟病毒E0糖蛋白、制备其单抗筛选抗原表位及研究E0蛋白的生物学功能奠定基础。     

Protein and energy concentrations of meat meal and meat and bone meal fed to pigs based on in vitro assays

The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of meat meal (MM) and meat and bone meal (MBM) as feed ingredients for pigs based on in&#x000a0;vitro assays. Test ingredients were 4 sources of MM and 3 sources of MBM. Ash and CP contents of the ingredients ranged from 3.8% to 33.1% and 46.8% to 82.9% (as-is basis), respectively. In&#x000a0;vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of CP was determined and ileal digestible CP content was calculated by multiplying CP content by IVID of CP. In&#x000a0;vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of dry matter (DM) was determined and ME was calculated using gross energy, CP contents, and IVTTD of DM. The IVID of CP and IVTTD of DM ranged from 77.2% to 88.7% and from 82.7% to 92.4%, respectively. Calculated ileal digestible CP and ME contents ranged from 37.8% to 73.5% DM and 2,405 to 3,905&#x000a0;kcal/kg DM, respectively. Ash contents were negatively correlated (P&#x000a0;&#x0003c;&#x000a0;0.001) with CP (r&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;&#x02212;0.99), in&#x000a0;vitro ileal digestible CP (r&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;&#x02212;0.97), gross energy (r&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;&#x02212;1.00), in&#x000a0;vitro digestible energy (r&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;&#x02212;0.97), and adjusted ME (r&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;&#x02212;0.97). The most fitting equations for ileal digestible CP and adjusted ME were: ileal digestible CP (% DM)&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;11.91&#x000a0;&#x02212;&#x000a0;0.90&#x000a0;&#x000d7;&#x000a0;Ash (% DM)&#x000a0;+&#x000a0;0.74&#x000a0;&#x000d7;&#x000a0;IVID of CP (%) (R²&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;0.99) and adjusted ME (kcal/kg DM)&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;130.85&#x000a0;&#x02212;&#x000a0;50.90&#x000a0;&#x000d7;&#x000a0;ash (% DM)&#x000a0;+&#x000a0;47.06&#x000a0;&#x000d7;&#x000a0;IVTTD of DM (%) (R²&#x000a0;=&#x000a0;0.99). To validate the accuracy of the prediction equations for ME, mean bias and linear bias were determined using a regression analysis. Calculated ME values of MM and MBM were in a good agreement with data obtained from animal experiments based on a statistically insignificant bias in the models. In conclusion, ME concentrations of MM and MBM as swine feed ingredients can be calculated using ash concentration and in&#x000a0;vitro disappearance of dry matter.     

猪瘟病毒石门株在ST细胞连续传代后E0基因变异分析

为了解猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门(Shimen)株连续传代后变异情况,根据已发表的CSFV E0基因序列(AF092448.2),设计合成引物,以在ST细胞中连续传代培养的CSFV石门株细胞毒总RNA为模板,每5代通过RT-PCR方法扩增病毒的E0基因,测定其核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列,用DNA Star软件分析比较原代、5代、10代、15代、20代、25代接毒细胞中CSFV E0基因的变异性。结果显示,接种病毒第10代的病毒E0基因在630核苷酸位点出现变异,第15代病毒在632核苷酸位点出现变异。本研究通过分子生物学方法发现CSFV Shimen株在ST细胞连续传代过程中E0基因能保持遗传的稳定性。     

灌溉渠系流量最优调配的0-1规划模型

本文根据灌溉配水渠系的运行特点,提出在一定轮期和来水流量限制条件下实现下级配水渠最优组合及其配水时间最优排序的一种0-1规划模型,实例运算表明,这种方法可有效减少无效弃水和闸门调节次数,同时对渠道横断面的设计有参考意义。     

IDEFO功能建模及其在计算机辅助夹具设计中的应用

从系统建模的角度,以计算机辅助夹具设计(CAFD)系统为例,采用IDEFO方法建立CAFD系统的功能模型,并以此为依据设计了系统的总体结构,为高效地建立计算机辅助夹具设计系统提供了实现方法.