Evaluation of the RZWQM-CERES-Maize hybrid model for maize production

The root zone water quality model (RZWQM) was developed primarily for water quality research with a generic plant growth module primarily serving as a sink for plant nitrogen and water uptake. In this study, we coupled the CERES-Maize Version 3.5 crop growth model with RZWQM to provide RZWQM users with the option for selecting a more comprehensive plant growth model. In the hybrid model, RZWQM supplied CERES with daily soil water and nitrogen contents, soil temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, in addition to daily weather data. CERES-Maize supplied RZWQM with daily water and nitrogen uptake, and other plant growth variables (e.g., root distribution and leaf area index). The RZWQM-CERES hybrid model was evaluated with two well-documented experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) Version 3.5, which had various nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Simulation results were compared to the original DSSAT-CERES-Maize model. Both models used the same plant cultivar coefficients and the same soil parameters as distributed with DSSAT Version 3.5. The hybrid model provided similar maize prediction in terms of yield, biomass and leaf area index, as the DSSAT-CERES model when the same soil and crop parameters were used. No overall differences were found between the two models based on the paired t test, suggesting successful coupling of the two models. The hybrid model offers RZWQM users access to a rigorous new plant growth model and provides CERES-Maize users with a tool to address soil and water quality issues under different cropping systems.     

应用RZWQM模型模拟华北玉米土壤剖面水氮迁移及淋溶特征

以河北石家庄大河实验站玉米-小麦轮作系统为研究对象,应用RZWQM模型对玉米季土壤剖面水分和硝态氮含量、硝态氮淋溶和氨挥发特征以及作物产量进行模拟,提出控制硝态氮淋溶的玉米施肥方案。设置冬小麦-夏玉米轮作周期施氮量分别为575、400、215、0 kg·hm-24个处理,应用轮作周期施氮量为575 kg·hm-2处理玉米季土壤剖面含水量、硝态氮和产量数据进行模型参数率定,应用其他3个施肥处理进行模型参数的验证。结果表明:率定与验证过程中土壤剖面含水量均方根误差方差分别为0.003 6、0.010 6 cm3·cm-3,4个处理土壤剖面硝态氮RMSE分别为6.56、7.30、3.64、1.53mg·kg-1。在模型参数率定和验证的基础上,开展了RZWQM模型对轮作制度下玉米季土壤硝态氮淋溶和氮挥发的预测,虽然预测结果与实际值存在偏差,但在总体上RZWQM模型可以较好地模拟华北石家庄地区土壤剖面水氮的迁移转化,并且可为日后进一步准确预测和估算更大地区的土壤硝态氮淋溶提供一种便捷可靠的方法。     

Comparison of modeling approaches to quantify residue architecture effects on soil temperature and water

RZ-SHAW is a hybrid model, comprised of modules from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model integrated into the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) that allows more detailed simulation of different residue types and architectures that affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface. RZ-SHAW allows different methods of surface energy flux evaluation to be used: (1) the SHAW module, where evapotranspiration (ET) and soil heat flux are computed in concert with a detailed surface energy balance; (2) the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) module for ET in which soil surface temperature is assumed equal air temperature; and (3) the PENFLUX module, which uses a Penman transformation for a soil slab under incomplete residue cover. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the three RZ-SHAW modules to simulate effects of residue architecture on net radiation, soil temperature, and water dynamics near the soil surface. The model was tested in Akron, Colorado in a wheat residue-covered (both standing and flat) no-till (NT) plot, and a reduced till (RT) plot where wheat residue was incorporated into the soil. Temperature difference between the soil surface and ambient air frequently exceeded 17 °C under RT and NT conditions, invalidating the isothermal assumption employed in the S–W module. The S–W module overestimated net radiation (R_n) by an average of 69 Wm⁻² and underestimated the 3-cm soil temperature (T_s3) by 2.7 °C for the RT plot, attributed to consequences of the isothermal assumption. Both SHAW and PENFLUX modules overestimated midday T_s3 for RT conditions but underestimated T_s3 for NT conditions. Better performances of the SHAW and PENFLUX surface energy evaluations are to be expected as both approaches are more detailed and consider a more discretized domain than the S–W module. PENFLUX simulated net radiation slightly better than the SHAW module for both plots, while T_s3 was simulated the best by SHAW, with a mean bias error of +0.1 °C for NT and +2.7 °C for RT. Simulation results for soil water content in the surface 30 cm (θ_v30) were mixed. The NT conditions were simulated best by SHAW, with mean bias error for θ_v30 within 0.006 m³ m⁻³; RT conditions were simulated best by the PENFLUX module, which was within 0.010 m³ m⁻³.     

根系带水质量模型参数灵敏度分析与标定的研究

利用收集的河南省新乡试验站田间试验数据对根系带水质量模型(ROOt Zone Water Quality Model,RZWQM)输入参数进行灵敏度分析和标定.结果表明,通过参数的灵敏度分析结果对RZWQM进行调参,节省参数校核时间,提高精度.参数标定后模拟值与实测值的对比显示,土壤含水量的模拟均方根差和平均相对误差分...     

RZWQM2模型对河北坝上地区大白菜模拟适用性评价

为明析根区水质模型(RZWQM2)对河北坝上地区蔬菜作物的适用性,以该地区膜下滴灌大白菜为研究对象,建立模型运行的气象、土壤及作物数据库,模拟2018年和2019年大白菜生育期内田间土壤水分动态变化、作物株高变化及最终产量,并通过实测值进行对比分析.结果表明:①经过对该模型参数的校准,得到各土层(20 cm、40 cm...     

RZWQM2模型模拟牛场肥水施用夏玉米土壤硝态氮迁移特征

为研究华北平原种养结合中养殖肥水的合理施用,减少典型农田水肥施用后土壤氮淋溶对地下水的影响。该研究以河北省徐水区夏玉米为研究对象,应用RZWQM2模型验证牛场肥水施用玉米农田的可行性,对2014—2016年玉米种植前后数据进行模型参数率定与验证。验证结果表明,土壤体积含水率的均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 6～0.070 7 cm~3/cm~3和0.21%～21.44%之间变化,土壤硝态氮均方根误差和平均相对误差值分别在0.000 8～2.617 3 mg/kg和0.03%～18.58%之间变化,其中牛场肥水施用土壤中硝态氮主要在0～120 cm土层发生变化,说明RZWQM2模型可以用来模拟华北平原牛场肥水施用对土壤水分、硝态氮含量及玉米产量的动态变化。利用率定和验证后的模型进行了夏玉米农田硝态氮淋溶的验证与预测,表明硝态氮淋溶浓度随肥水氮量的增加而增加。RZWQM2模型可以应用于牛场肥水施用农田的模拟,为预测和评估土壤适宜的肥水施用提供更合适的方法。     

耕作方式转变对土壤蓄水保墒影响的RZWQM模型模拟

基于2011—2012年和2013—2014年河南禹州冬小麦长期定位试验,利用传统耕作、免耕和深松处理下土壤水分、地上部生物量和产量对RZWQM(Root zone water quality model)模型进行率定和验证,然后利用率定后的模型模拟传统耕作转变为保护性耕作方式后0~100 cm土层贮水量、耗水量、土壤剖面水分平衡及水分利用效率的动态变化。在模型率定和验证中,土壤分层含水率模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)分别在0.009~0.025 cm3/cm3和0.005~0.054 cm3/cm3范围内变化。模型模拟结果表明RZWQM模型能够较好地模拟耕作方式转变后土壤分层水分的动态变化,4种不同耕作转变模式(传统耕作分别转变为免耕、免耕+秸秆覆盖、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖)下,传统耕作转变为免耕后产量最高,水分利用效率最大,达19.3 kg/(hm2·mm)。因此,该模拟条件下传统耕作转变为免耕的蓄水保墒效果最好。     

河北坝上地区雨养裸燕麦田间蒸散规律

依托大型称重式蒸渗仪在2018年和2019年裸燕麦生育期内进行田间蒸散量的测定,利用根区水质模型(RZWQM2)对田间蒸散量变化的动态过程进行了模拟,并分析了不同时间尺度下田间蒸散特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:RZWQM2模型对裸燕麦生育期内田间蒸散量模拟结果较好,2018年和2019年绝对平均误差(MAE)分别为1.11 mm·d~(-1)和1.19 mm·d~(-1),决定系数(R~2)分别为0.71和0.68,一致性指数(d)值均大于0.60;生育期内裸燕麦田间蒸散呈现"单峰型"曲线,在孕穗期日均蒸散峰值分别达到5.02、5.41 mm·d~(-1);各生育期内日均蒸散量为:孕穗期开花期成熟期拔节期出苗期,变化态势与叶面积指数表现一致;两种不同天气(多云和晴天),雨养裸燕麦田间蒸散均主要集中在6∶00—18∶00,约占日总蒸散的84%,而在18∶00—6∶00蒸散较低且变化相对稳定,约占日总蒸散的16%,雨养裸燕麦的蒸散过程受天气影响较大,晴天田间蒸散约为多云条件下的2倍。     

Soft rock for improving crop yield in sandy soil in the Mu Us desert,China

Soft rock efficiently retains water because it is hard when dry but expands rapidly when wet, thus it can be used as a natural water retention agent. Therefore, soft rock can be blended with sandy soil to enhance the water-holding capacity of sandy land. Understanding how soft rock content in sandy soil affects corn growth (Zea mays L.) is essential for enhancing local agricultural production in the Mu Us Desert. The Root Zone Water Quality Model 2 was calibrated and validated based on 2-years of experimental data for composite soils prepared at three ratios of soft rock to sand (1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 v/v), and then used to estimate the water non-limiting potential yield (Yp) and the potential yield of a rainfed crop [Yp(r)], along with yield gap [YG(r)] of corn using the weather data from 1990 to 2013 in the Mu Us Desert. The mean simulated Yp(r) of corn in the compound soil at a ratio of 1:2 was significantly higher than that of the compound soil at 1:1 and 1:5 ratios, respectively. The mean simulated Yp(r)s of corn were 2.551, 3.527, and 2.924?Mg ha^?1 and the YG(r)s were 6.071, 5.096, and 5.698?Mg ha^?1 for 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5 ratios, respectively. The crop yield depends on the amount of soft rock added to the sandy soils.