RZWQM2模型对裸燕麦作物生长模拟的适用性研究

为评估RZWQM2模型在我国北方农牧交错带典型地区裸燕麦作物生长模拟研究中的适用性,优化裸燕麦生长过程研究的完整作物模型参数,通过北方农牧交错带典型区——河北坝上地区2018年和2019年两个完整生育期内裸燕麦田间试验,对该地区裸燕麦生长模拟参数在RZWQM2(Root Zone Water Quality Model2)模型中进行本土化校准.结果表明:优化后的模型参数,可使不同土层深度(0～80 cm)土壤水分的模拟值与实测值的决定系数系数(R2)值在0.70～0.95之间,均方根误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为1.73％、1.96％和21.20％、25.00％;叶面积指数模拟的决定系数(R2)值分别为0.98和0.76;生物量、株高的模拟值与实测值的R2值均大于0.80.本研究开发出的裸燕麦作物生长模拟参数在河北坝上这一区域具有较好的普适性,校准后的RZWQM2模型可适用于北方农牧交错带相似区域裸燕麦田间水分管理、作物生长等相关研究.     

基于PEST的RZWQM2模型参数优化与验证

根据糯玉米-冬小麦田间喷灌试验不同处理结果,利用独立的自动参数估计软件PEST对RZWQM2模型进行参数优化,并分析了24个模型参数的综合敏感度。通过控制不同观测变量(土壤含水率、土壤氮素含量、作物叶面积指数、产量)模拟差异函数值在目标函数中的比重,优化目标方程,确定模型参数,并用田间试验数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,在不同观测变量的模拟差异函数值最接近条件下,冬小麦出叶间隔特性参数、冬小麦春化作用敏感特性参数及糯玉米出叶间隔特性参数等3个参数对模型整体模拟效果影响最大。相比试错法而言,基于PEST优化的RZWQM2模型能够更准确地模拟糯玉米-冬小麦轮作系统中水分、氮素及作物生长情况。     

基于RZWQM模型的夏玉米水氮管理优化及淋溶过程模拟

为优化我国华北平原地区夏玉米种植的水氮管理方案,利用通过位山引黄灌区下游临清市2019-2020年夏玉米田间试验得到的数据,在RZWQM模型中对水分、养分以及生长模块进行参数率定和验证.结果表明:经过模拟参数优化后,土壤含水率、NO3--N含量与作物产量的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差值(MRE)均在可接受范围内...     

RZWQM2模型对河北坝上地区大白菜模拟适用性评价

为明析根区水质模型(RZWQM2)对河北坝上地区蔬菜作物的适用性,以该地区膜下滴灌大白菜为研究对象,建立模型运行的气象、土壤及作物数据库,模拟2018年和2019年大白菜生育期内田间土壤水分动态变化、作物株高变化及最终产量,并通过实测值进行对比分析.结果表明:①经过对该模型参数的校准,得到各土层(20 cm、40 cm...     

RZWQM2模型对中国北方农牧交错带青饲玉米模拟适用性评价

为评估RZWQM2模型对中国北方农牧交错带青饲玉米模拟的适用性，率定出一套适宜于本地区青饲玉米的模型参数，选取位于中国北方农牧交错带中段张北县境内的实验样地进行了为期两年的田间试验（2020、2021年）。基于大型蒸渗仪实测蒸散数据、气象数据、土壤物理参数、作物遗传参数和田间管理措施等数据，对青饲玉米不同土层土壤含水量、作物生长状况以及生育期内田间蒸散量进行模拟。结果表明：(1)RZWQM2模型较好地模拟土壤水分的动态趋势，不同土层（20 cm、40 cm、60 cm和80 cm）土壤含水量均方根误差RMSE在0.019～0.029 cm3/cm3之间，一致性指数d在0.609～0.789之间，决定系数R2在0.717～0.940之间；(2)模型对青饲玉米生长情况模拟结果较好，2020、2021年青饲玉米株高模拟的一致性指数d分别高达0.919和0.952，青饲玉米叶面积指数和生物量的d值在介于0.731～0.816之间；(3)青饲玉米生育期内田间蒸散量模拟值与实测值均呈现先升高后降低的变化规律，在吐丝期蒸散量达到最大，最大值分别为6.550 mm和8.246 mm,2020、2021...     

基于BP神经网络替代模型的地下水污染随机模拟

为分析水文地质参数的不确定性对地下水数值模拟模型输出结果的影响,针对假想算例进行研究.首先建立地下水数值模拟模型.运用灵敏度分析法筛选出对模拟模型输出结果影响较大的参数作为随机变量,为减少反复调用模拟模型产生的计算负荷,分别采用克里格法和BP神经网络方法建立模拟模型的替代模型并比较二者的精度,并选择精度较高的BP神经网...     

区域尺度土壤入渗特征参数的变异性研究

以杨凌地区为例,进行野外双环入渗试验研究,运用2种常用模型(Kostiakov模型和Philip模型)对土壤入渗参数进行模拟。在分析土壤特征参数,寻求适合区域尺度的最优入渗模型同时,对土壤的状态变量进行标定并研究标定系数的空间变异性,研究结果表明:Philip模型可作为区域最优入渗模型,土壤入渗特征参数存在明显的空间变异性,标定系数aA比as对模型参数的标定效果好,且在较大范围内存在一定的趋势性,有较好的预测效果。因此,可根据标定系数随机模拟得到某一具体时刻的土壤入渗量的空间分布,为定量分析土壤水分运动、研究土壤水分入渗的空间分布提供理论基础。     

基于GMS的地下水流数值模拟及参数敏感性分析

为提高地下水流数值模拟的精度,减小因水文地质参数不确定性而产生的误差,需要对数值模拟模型的水文地质参数进行灵敏度分析.在对老莱河流域某灌区地下水流数值模型识别和验证的基础上,采用因子变换法对渗透系数、给水度、大气降水入渗补给系数值进行敏感性分析.结果表明,地下水位对含水层的渗透系数最敏感,其次是大气降水入渗补给系数,河谷地区因含水层岩性变异度较大导致地下水位对该区参数变化较敏感.通过参数敏感度分析能够筛选出数值模型中的不确定性因素,从而避免模型调参的盲目性,提高区域地下水资源评价的可靠性.     

DRAINMOD模型参数灵敏度分析

参数灵敏度分析对于合理确定模型参数具有重要意义。以五道沟水文水资源实验站为研究区域,采用局部灵敏度分析方法分析了DRAINMOD模型逐日排水量对侧向饱和导水率k、排水系数D.C以及地表最大积水深度Sm的灵敏度。理论分析与计算表明：不同的参数在不同的阶段对排水过程的影响呈现不同的规律,土壤侧向饱和导水率对排水过程的模拟结...     

基于均匀设计法的地下水流数值模拟参数全局灵敏度分析

地下水数值模拟在与地下水相关的多个领域得到广泛应用,参数灵敏度分析能有效提高模拟结果的精度。最初的局部灵敏度分析方法只考虑了单个参数的影响, 忽略了参数的共同作用;后期发展起来的全局灵敏度分析方法虽综合考虑了参数的共同作用,但在多参数、多水平条件下,抽样次数过多,对于数值模型来说可操作性差。本文将均匀设计法引入到黑龙江省林甸县地下水流数值模型的参数灵敏度分析中,选取模型中的7个参数进行研究,每个参数选取16个水平值,仅以16次抽样即达到了参数灵敏度分析的目的。     

AquaCrop作物模型在松嫩平原春麦区的校正和验证

为了研究AquaCrop作物模型在松嫩平原春麦区的适用性,利用实测的土壤水分、春小麦生长和产量数据,结合气象数据,获得AquaCrop模拟土壤水分和春小麦生长的模型参数,并用往年的作物生长数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,春小麦的产量和生物量的实测值与模拟值的绝对平均误差(MAE)为0.058和0.109、均方根误差(RMSE)为0.06和0.11t/hm2、模拟性能指数(EF)为0.795和0.822、残差聚集系数(CRM)为-0.006 96和0.005 87、一致性系数(IoA)为0.959和0.966;对10cm和20cm土壤体积含水率的实测值与模拟值的MAE为5.23和2.53、RMSE为6.47%和7.95%、EF为-0.277和-0.069、CRM为0.097和0.212、IoA为0.585和0.741。说明AquaCrop模型对春小麦的生物量和产量及生育期土壤体积含水率的模拟结果总体较好,对松嫩平原春麦生产有一定的参考意义。     

Irrigation strategies to improve the water use efficiency of wheat-maize double cropping systems in North China Plain

Water is the most important limiting factor of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP). A two-year experiment with four irrigation levels based on crop growth stages was used to calibrate and validate RZWQM2, a hybrid model that combines the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and DSSAT4.0. The calibrated model was then used to investigate various irrigation strategies for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) using weather data from 1961 to 1999. The model simulated soil moisture, crop yield, above-ground biomass and WUE in responses to irrigation schedules well, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.029 cm³ cm⁻³, 0.59 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.05 Mg ha⁻¹, and 0.19 kg m⁻³, respectively, for wheat; and 0.027 cm³ cm⁻³, 0.71 Mg ha⁻¹, 1.51 Mg ha⁻¹ and 0.35 kg m⁻³, respectively, for maize. WUE increased with the amount of irrigation applied during the dry growing season of 2001-2002, but was less sensitive to irrigation during the wet season of 2002-2003. Long-term simulation using weather data from 1961 to 1999 showed that initial soil water at planting was adequate (at 82% of crop available water) for wheat establishment due to the high rainfall during the previous maize season. Preseason irrigation for wheat commonly practiced by local farmers should be postponed to the most sensitive growth stage (stem extension) for higher yield and WUE in the area. Preseason irrigation for maize is needed in 40% of the years. With limited irrigation available (100, 150, 200, or 250 mm per year), 80% of the water allocated to the critical wheat growth stages and 20% applied at maize planting achieved the highest WUE and the least water drainage overall for the two crops.     

秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对麦玉轮作水氮利用的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施稳定性氮肥对关中地区麦玉轮作体系作物生长及水氮利用的综合影响,并确定合理的高产高效施肥管理措施,设置两种秸秆还田模式(秸秆不还田、秸秆全量还田)和两种施氮措施(常规尿素和减量施用稳定性氮肥),以无秸秆还田且不施肥作为对照,共5个处理,研究分析作物产量、地上部生物量、土壤氨挥发累积量、土壤含水率、土壤硝态氮残留量及水氮利用效率。结果表明：秸秆还田配施氮肥会分别显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量28.03%～39.63%和90.10%～112.52%、地上部生物量27.88%～34.00%和78.96%～107.64%;施用稳定性氮肥较施用常规尿素分别降低夏玉米季和冬小麦季全生育期土壤氨挥发累积量50.18%～59.32%和68.21%～73.43%;秸秆还田会显著提高夏玉米季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.29%～21.38%,显著提高冬小麦季0～10 cm土壤含水率6.80%～25.06%;相同施肥措施下,秸秆还田会显著降低夏玉米与冬小麦收获期0～100 cm土壤NO^-₃-N残留量7.34%～10.78%和6.57%～11.24%,在相...     

Soil texture, climate and management effects on plant growth, grain yield and water use by rainfed maize–wheat cropping system: Field and simulation study

In sub-mountain tract of Punjab state of India, maize (Zea mays, L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops are grown as rainfed having low crop and water productivity. To enhance that, proper understanding of the factors (soil type, climate, management practices and their interactions) affecting it is a pre-requisite. The present study aims to assess the effects of tillage, date of sowing, and irrigation practices on the rainfed maize–wheat cropping system involving combined approach of field study and simulation. Field experiments comprising 18 treatments (three dates of sowing as main, three tillage systems as subplot and two irrigation regimes as the sub-subplot) were conducted for two years (2004–2006) and simulations were made for 15 years using CropSyst model. Field and simulated results showed that grain yields of maize and wheat crops were more in early July planted maize and early November planted wheat on silt loam soil. Different statistical parameters (root mean square error, coefficient of residual mass, model efficiency, coefficient of correlation and paired t-test) indicated that CropSyst model did fair job to simulate biomass production and grain yield for maize–wheat cropping system under varying soil texture, date of planting and irrigation regimes.     

Evaluation on the irrigation and fertilization management practices under the application of treated sewage water in Beijing, China

Irrigation and fertilization management practices play important roles in crop production. In this paper, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) was used to evaluate the irrigation and fertilization management practices for a winter wheat–summer corn double cropping system in Beijing, China under the irrigation with treated sewage water (TSW). A carefully designed experiment was carried out at an experimental station in Beijing area from 2001 to 2003 with four irrigation treatments. The hydrologic, nitrogen and crop growth components of RZWQM were calibrated by using the dataset of one treatment. The datasets of other three treatments were used to validate the model performance. Most predicted soil water contents were within ±1 standard deviation (S.D.) of the measured data. The relative errors (RE) of grain yield predictions were within the range of −26.8% to 18.5%, whereas the REs of biomass predictions were between −38% and 14%. The grain nitrogen (N) uptake and biomass N uptake were predicted with the RE values ranging from −13.9% to 14.7%, and from −11.1% to 29.8%, respectively. These results showed that the model was able to simulate the double cropping system variables under different irrigation and fertilization conditions with reasonable accuracy. Application of RZWQM in the growing season of 2001–2002 indicated that the best irrigation management practice was no irrigation for summer corn, three 83 mm irrigations each for pre-sowing, jointing and heading stages of winter wheat, respectively. And the best nitrogen application management practice was 120 kg N ha⁻¹ for summer corn and 110 kg N ha⁻¹ for winter wheat, respectively, under the irrigation with TSW. We also obtained the alternative irrigation management practices for the hydrologic years of 75%, 50% and 25%, respectively, in Beijing area under the conditions of irrigation with TSW and the optimal nitrogen application.     

不同秸秆隔层材料对河套灌区土壤水盐运移及玉米产量的影响

通过在内蒙古河套灌区设置秸秆隔层试验,研究小麦、玉米2种秸秆隔层材料对土壤水盐运移及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆隔层处理在整个玉米生育期0～40cm土层土壤含水率变化波动较大,且土壤含水率总体低于不设隔层的对照处理,不同秸秆隔层处理在玉米生长前期土壤含水率差异不明显,但后期玉米秸秆隔层处理土壤含水率低于小麦秸秆隔层。40～80cm土层不同处理土壤含水率变化趋势与0～40cm正好相反,含水率大小依次为玉米秸秆隔层、小麦秸秆隔层、对照。秸秆隔层处理抑制了土壤盐分随水分的向上运移,同时延缓了水分的下渗过程,增强了盐分淋洗效果,玉米秸秆隔层的控抑盐效果好于小麦秸秆隔层。秸秆隔层处理没有明显增产优势,玉米秸秆隔层处理较小麦秸秆隔层处理的玉米产量要略高。     

Crop rotations in Argentina: Analysis of water balance and yield using crop models

Cropping schemes have developed in east-central Argentina for rainfed soybean (Glycine max Merr.) production that invariably employ no-tillage management. Often these schemes include growing soybean in a sequence of crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). The full impact of various rotation schemes on soil water balance through a sequence of seasons has not been explored, although the value of these rotations has been studied experimentally. The objective of this work was to investigate through simulations, potential differences in temporal soil water status among rotations over five years. In this study, mechanistic models of soybean (Soy), maize (Maz), and wheat (Wht) were linked over a five-years period at Marcos Juárez, Argentina to simulate soil water status, crop growth, and yield of four no-till rotations (Soy/Soy, Soy/Wht, Soy/Maz, and Soy/Maz/Wht). Published data on sowing dates and initial soil water contents in the first year from a no-till rotation experiment were used as inputs to the model. After the first year, soil water status output from the model was used to initiate the next crop simulation in the sequence. The results of these simulations indicated a positive impact on soil water balance resulting from crop residue on the soil surface under no-till management. Continuous soybean and the two-year soybean/maize rotation did not efficiently use the available water from rainfall. Residue from maize was simulated to be especially effective in suppressing soil evaporation. Thus, the Soy/Maz simulation results indicated that this rotation resulted in enhanced soil water retention, increased deep water percolation, and increased soybean yields compared with continuous soybean crops. The simulated results matched well with experimental observations. The three-crop rotation of Soy/Maz/Wht did not increase simulated soybean yields, but the additional water retained as a result of decreased soil evaporation resulting from the maize residue allowed the addition of a wheat crop in this two-year rotation. Simulated soybean yields were poorly correlated with both the amount of soil water at sowing and the rainfall during the cropping period. These results highlight the importance of temporal distribution of rainfall on final yield. These models proved a valuable tool for assessing the consequences of various rotation schemes now being employed in Argentina on temporal soil water status, and ultimately crop yield.     

基于粒子滤波和多变量权重的冬小麦估产研究

为了构建能够反映作物长势的综合性指标以及准确估测作物产量,采用粒子滤波算法同化CERES-Wheat模型模拟和基于Landsat数据反演的叶面积指数(Leaf area index,LAI)、地上生物量和0~20 cm土壤含水率,获取冬小麦主要生育期以天为尺度的变量同化值,分析不同生育时期的LAI、地上生物量和土壤含水率同化值与实测单产的相关性,并应用熵值的组合预测方法确定不同状态变量影响籽粒产量的权重,进而生成综合性指数,并分析其与实测单产的相关性。结果表明,LAI、地上生物量和土壤含水率同化值和田间实测值间的均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)以及平均相对误差(Mean relative error,MRE)均低于这些变量模拟值和实测值间的RMSE和MRE,说明数据同化方法提高了时间序列LAI、地上生物量和土壤含水率的模拟精度。基于不同状态变量的权重生成的综合性指数与实测单产间的相关性大于单个变量与实测单产间的相关性;基于综合性指数构建小麦单产估测模型,其估产精度(R2=0.78,RMSE为330 kg/hm2)分别比基于LAI、地上生物量和土壤含水率建立模型的估产精度显著提高,表明构建的综合性指数充分结合了不同变量在作物估产方面的优势,可用于高精度的冬小麦单产估测。     

Evaluation of the RZWQM-CERES-Maize hybrid model for maize production

The root zone water quality model (RZWQM) was developed primarily for water quality research with a generic plant growth module primarily serving as a sink for plant nitrogen and water uptake. In this study, we coupled the CERES-Maize Version 3.5 crop growth model with RZWQM to provide RZWQM users with the option for selecting a more comprehensive plant growth model. In the hybrid model, RZWQM supplied CERES with daily soil water and nitrogen contents, soil temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, in addition to daily weather data. CERES-Maize supplied RZWQM with daily water and nitrogen uptake, and other plant growth variables (e.g., root distribution and leaf area index). The RZWQM-CERES hybrid model was evaluated with two well-documented experimental datasets distributed with DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) Version 3.5, which had various nitrogen and irrigation treatments. Simulation results were compared to the original DSSAT-CERES-Maize model. Both models used the same plant cultivar coefficients and the same soil parameters as distributed with DSSAT Version 3.5. The hybrid model provided similar maize prediction in terms of yield, biomass and leaf area index, as the DSSAT-CERES model when the same soil and crop parameters were used. No overall differences were found between the two models based on the paired t test, suggesting successful coupling of the two models. The hybrid model offers RZWQM users access to a rigorous new plant growth model and provides CERES-Maize users with a tool to address soil and water quality issues under different cropping systems.