CRISPR/cas系统及其在家禽上的应用研究进展

CRISPR/cas是一种获得性免疫防御系统,广泛存在于细菌和古细菌中。Strep tococcus pyogenes cas9(Spcas9)作为目前研究最多、最清楚的效应蛋白,因其酶活性高和靶点广而被应用于生命科学各个领域,但Spcas9分子量大、脱靶率高等缺点在一定程度上限制了其应用。随着CRISPR系统技术被深入开发,一些新效应蛋白被发现,本文就CRISPR/cas系统分类、原理、新效应蛋白发现及cas9(S.Pyogenes)多种变构体技术开发在及家禽上的应用进行综述,为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

破壁蜂花粉对蛋鸡免疫功能及肠道菌群的影响

试验将槐花蜂花粉进行振动磨超微粉碎破壁,分别按1 g/kg、5 g/kg、10 g/kg三个不同剂量混到蛋鸡饲料中,从7日龄开始饲喂至50日龄,每个剂量分两个试验,试验一用新城疫Ⅳ系疫苗免疫雏鸡,利用β-微量法监测血清中的血凝抑制抗体效价的动态变化;试验二用大肠杆菌油乳苗免疫雏鸡,利用间接血凝法监测血清中大肠杆菌抗体效价的动态变化。分别定期称重捕杀取脾、胸腺、法氏囊,计算免疫器官指数,取肠道内容物计数大肠杆菌和乳酸菌,测定肠道内pH值。结果表明,不同剂量的破壁蜂花粉均能不同程度地提高病毒抗原性抗体效价和菌体抗原性抗体效价,对雏鸡免疫器官的发育以及肠道内环境、菌群的平衡也有一定影响。     

近红外光谱技术在家禽养殖领域应用现状

近红外光谱是一种快速光谱分析的新方法,伴随着光谱技术与化学计量法的发展,近红外光谱已广泛应用于农业、食品、医药、石油化工等行业,极大地提高了各行业信息化水平。基于近红外光谱在家禽养殖领域的应用现状,本文总结了近红外光谱技术的发展及其在饲料成分检测和禽肉检测中的应用。在饲料检测和家禽肉类检测方面,通过将禽肉样品的光谱信息与质量指标的参考值相关联,建立了预测饲料和待测肉类高精度、高稳定性的数学模型。与传统方法相比,近红外光谱技术具有信息量大、数据计算速度快等优点。本文还归纳了近红外光谱技术在饲料品质检测和肉类品质检测的应用现状,指出了近红外光谱在家禽养殖领域的大规模应用推广的可能性。同时指出近红外光谱技术存在的问题和未来发展方向,结果表明近红外光谱技术在饲料和畜产品检测领域具有良好的发展前景和应用价值。     

Nutritional significance of amino acids,vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health – a comprehensive review

Nutraceuticals have gained immense importance in poultry science recently considering the nutritional and beneficial health effects of their constituents. Besides providing nutritional requirements to birds, nutraceuticals have beneficial pharmacological effects, for example, they help in establishing normal physiological health status, prevent diseases and thereby improve production performance. Nutraceuticals include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, etc. which are important for preventing oxidative stress, regulating the immune response and maintaining normal physiological, biochemical and homeostatic mechanisms. Nutraceuticals help in supplying nutrients in balanced amounts for supporting the optimal growth performance in modern poultry flocks, and as a dietary supplement can reduce the use of antibiotics. The application of antibiotic growth enhancers in poultry leads to the propagation of antibiotic-resistant microbes and drug residues; therefore, they have been restricted in many countries. Thus, there is a demand for natural feed additives that lead to the same growth enhancement without affecting the health. Nutraceuticals substances have an essential role in the development of the animals’ normal physiological functions and in protecting them against infectious diseases. In this review, the uses of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as well as their mode of action in growth promotion and elevation of immune system are discussed.     

Distribution and Dynamics of Phosphorus in an Agricultural Watershed with a Long-Term History of Poultry Waste Application

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of long-term broiler litter application on soil phosphorus (P) and water quality and examine the spatial variations of soil P at a private poultry farm in Mississippi. Results indicated that the littered soil had 86 times more Mehlich III–extractable P in the surface horizon compared to the nonlittered soil. When compared to the runoff from nonlittered soil, mean soluble phosphate (PO₄)-P concentrations in the littered soil's runoff were 85 times greater throughout the study. Mass loss of P from the littered field was significantly greater than from the nonlittered field, and it decreased with each sequential runoff event. There were no linear relationships between the spatial variations of litter application rates and the P spatial variability in the littered soil; however, the variations in soil P levels could be a result of the cumulative effects of more than 20 years of litter application.     

浅伏谈伏HAC伏CP体伏系伏认证伏在肉伏鸡伏屠宰加工中的应用

HACCP认证能有效控制食物中的危害，保证食品的安全，是世界范围上公认的食品安全生产准则。目前，HACCP在各行业中得到广泛应用，尤其在服务业、餐饮业、食品加工业等，但在肉鸡等动物屠宰加工业应用的还不多。本文主要介绍了HACCP体系认证在肉鸡屠宰加工中的应用。     

家禽MHC的结构与遗传效应

MHC是重要的免疫分子,能够稳定的遗传,并且与疾病有明显的相关性。研究家禽MHC分子特性是阐明机体免疫机制的重要途径之一。本文就家禽MHC基因结构与多态性、抗原递呈作用以及其与疾病和生产性能的相关性等方面进行了阐述。     

禽类采食量生理调节因子的研究进展

采食量是影响禽类生长最重要的因素之一。认识采食量的调节规律和机制,旨在更有效地调节家禽的采食量,为生产实践提供重要指导。禽类采食量的生理调节机制十分复杂,涉及许多神经通路和体液因子的调节。本文将重点介绍采食量生理调节因子。     

农村散养畜禽寄生虫感染情况调查及防治报告

根据大竹县农村散养畜禽寄生虫病的感染情况及流行病学特点,提出了畜禽寄生虫病感染情况调查方案和驱虫试验。     

禽霍乱油乳剂灭活苗（TJ株）的研制与应用

从天津地区某些发病鸡场分离的２０余株禽多杀性巴氏杆菌中筛选４株（ＴＪ株）作为制苗用菌种，制成油乳剂灭活苗，进行物理性状检验与安全性，免疫性试验，用实验室制备的禽霍乱油乳剂灭活苗（ＴＪ株）对大港，静海等发病鸡场进行免疫接种，完全控制了禽霍乱的流行。