水流冲击多段滞留气团的三维数值模拟

针对水气两相瞬变现象,充分考虑了水体弹性、气体可压缩性、水-气交界面的动态运动以及多段气团间相互作用,采用三维CFD方法对起伏管道内含多段滞留气团的水气两相作用进行建模和模拟,选择Standard k-ε湍流模型进行模拟研究,将三维计算结果、现有一维模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,并通过水气两相分布图展现动态变化过程.结果表明:与一维模型相比,三维CFD模型能够更为准确地模拟起伏管道内瞬变压力波动,并且能够清楚描述水气掺混、耦合的动态变化.水流冲击初始两段滞留气团压力波动曲线显示,多气团间的瞬变压力并非同步变化,可能呈现多气团峰值压力交替出现的情况,这与初始气团长度密切相关.水气交界面自由变化,阻断水体长度时刻发生变化,当水体运动到管道弯曲处时会产生新的阻断水体,将气团分成若干部分.     

蜗壳式离心泵外特性仿真与实验研究

为探索不同仿真方法的适用性,对ns=157的单级蜗壳离心泵不同工况的扬程和效率进行定常和非定常计算,并分别分析了定常计算时不同叶片夹角及非定常计算时不同时间步长的影响,通过与实验对比,得到的主要结论有:定常计算仅适用于额定工况外特性仿真,其扬程和效率计算误差分别为4.9%和2.9%,而定常多相位的计算误差分别为7.1%和3.2%;非定常仿真计算时,以4°为时间步长,并间隔20°保存一次计算数据,较好地预测出扬程曲线走势,额定工况扬程和效率计算误差约1.1%和1.8%,但小流量和大流量区间扬程计算误差达到10%左右。因此在水力优化设计时,若只关注高效点位置及其扬程和效率,可采用定常计算,若还关注扬程曲线走势,则应采用非定常计算。     

Experimental investigation on the transport of different fish species in a jet fish pump

A jet fish pump with a throat of ø60 mm was designed to study its performance in the transport of different fish species and the physiological changes in fish thereafter. Experiments were conducted to investigate the fish transport rate and energy required to transport each ton of fish when transporting Carassius auratus, commonly known as the Chinese goldfish, Megalobrama amblycephala, or Wuchang bream, and Ctenopharyngodon idella, the grass carp. Fish were examined for external injuries as well as for several important enzymes and hormones which are indicators of tissue injury and stress. The results showed that the transport rate for all three species of fish rose dramatically with an increase in the primary stream rate. In this experiment, the transport rates of C. auratus, M. amblycephala and C. idella reached 2357 ± 37.2 kg ∙ h⁻¹, 2888 ± 41.6 kg ∙ h⁻¹, and 2060 ± 40.2 kg ∙ h⁻¹, respectively. However, both injury rate and energy required to transport each ton of fish increased no matter whether the primary stream rate was too low or too high. Considering both transport rate and injury rate, the mean primary stream rate of 80 m³ ∙ h⁻¹ was determined to be the optimal operating condition in this experiment. Fish were stressed and most likely some of their organs were damaged. However, most physiological indexes almost fully recovered after several hours.     

Engineered-airlift pumps for aquaculture applications using multiphase flow analysis

Currently, very few aquaculture operations are employing airlift pump technology for water recirculation, aeration, and waste removal. This is likely due to the poor design and lower efficiency of traditional airlift design, the limited amount of research effort that has been invested in improving performance capabilities of air lift pumps and the general lack of awareness of the industry about the inherent advantages of airlift systems. A new efficient airlift pump is hydrodynamically designed by incorporating the Volume of Fluid (VOF) multi-phase model along with the K-ε turbulence model utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. The pump is designed to offer a substantial reduction in total energy usage as well as an improved quality of the culture products in order to make it attractive to aquaculture industry. In this study, both numerical and experimental investigations were carried out for airlift systems operating under two different submergence ratios of 50% and 90% in a lab setting using 2.54 cm diameter pumps. Also, the performance of a large-scale pumps of 10.16 cm diameters were also tested in an aquaculture raceway to determine its effect on the operation. The numerical results were found to be in agreement with the experiments within ±20% which is considered very reasonable for multiphase flow analysis. The present study was found to present a great tool for modelling the airlift pump performance, and potentially proposing new designs.     

含刚性沉水植物明渠水流结构的试验研究

【目的】得到含刚性沉水植物明渠的水流结构。【方法】采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV),用有机玻璃棒模拟刚性植物,在不同来水流量、植物密度条件下对明渠水流结构进行了试验研究。【结果】无植物时平均流速沿垂向呈对数分布规律,有植物时则呈现明显的分区分布特性。无植物时紊动强度值沿垂向变化不大,有植物时在植物顶端位置处紊动最剧烈。流量或植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的流速梯度就越大,植物层上方的流速最大值也越大。植物密度越大,植物顶端位置的紊动强度越大,植物密度对水流紊动强度由最大值减小到最小值的区域影响很大。【结论】刚性沉水植物的存在会改变水流结构,增强紊动掺混,增强流体质点交换和能量传递,且上述影响会随着流量或植物密度的增大而增强。     

叶轮出口边对双蜗壳泵压力脉动的影响

泵的叶轮扫掠蜗壳隔舌时产生的压力脉动是引起船用泵振动噪声的原因之一.为尽可能弱化这一影响,分别设计了叶片出口边与前后盖板基本面垂直和倾斜的2种不同形式叶轮,将其配置在相同的双蜗壳中,通过数值计算与样机试验相结合的手段,对蜗壳内9个不同位置的压力脉动情况进行对比分析.结果表明:出口边倾斜的叶轮相比于出口边垂直的叶轮可明显改善蜗壳内次脉动的“驼峰”现象,且可以进一步降低隔舌处主波动的压力峰值;对蜗壳内2个隔舌稍前的位置,出口边倾斜的叶轮反而会使得该点的压力系数幅值明显增大,且该点主波动的周期数发生改变;2种叶轮出口边的不同形式对蜗壳出口位置的压力脉动的影响基本相同;采用出口边倾斜叶轮对改善因叶轮与隔舌间的液流压力脉动是可行的.     

不适温度条件诱导西瓜嗜酸菌进入VBNC状态的研究

 由西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的瓜类果斑病,是危害西瓜和甜瓜等葫芦科作物的一种典型的种传细菌性病害。已有文章报道西瓜嗜酸菌在铜离子诱导下可进入“有活力但不可培养”(viable but non-culturable,VBNC)状态,并在适当条件下复苏,成为生产中潜在的病害初侵染来源。本文结合实际生产中的种子温汤浸种和低温储藏等条件,分别设定了50℃、55℃高温和4℃低温对西瓜嗜酸菌AAC00-1进行处理,通过流式细胞术(flow cytometry,FCM)和平板培养法分别检测菌体活性和可培养性。结果显示,不适宜的温度条件能够诱导西瓜嗜酸菌AAC00-1进入VBNC状态,其中55℃高温20和30 min的两个处理,所有活菌均进入VBNC状态。将处理后的AAC00-1接种西瓜子叶,接种植株未表现出果斑病症状,且不能从接种部位分离得到可培养菌体。表明本诱导条件下的VBNC状态A. citrulli菌体不能通过短时间活体接种复苏。本研究分析了西瓜嗜酸菌在不适宜温度条件下进入VBNC状态的能力,为解析病害可能的初侵染来源提供了理论依据,对葫芦科作物果斑病防控具有重要的生产实践意义。     

黄土丘陵区坡面薄层水流动力学特性及其对土壤侵蚀的影响

为奠定基于运动力学参数构建土壤侵蚀模型的理论基础,通过不同降雨强度(25、50和75 mm/h)、不同坡长(1、5、10、15和20 m)下径流小区内人工模拟降雨试验,对不同处理下坡面薄层水动力学特性进行分析,并对水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀之间的关系进行初步探讨。结果表明:当坡度一定时,坡面平均流速主要受坡长及单宽流量影响,降雨强度通过影响单宽流量的大小间接影响坡面平均流速;在试验设计范围内,当坡长1 m时,整体上呈"层流-急流态",当坡长为1 m时,整体上呈"层流-缓流态";当降雨强度一定时,雷诺数随着坡长的增加线性增加,佛汝德数随着坡长的增加以幂函数形式增加;降雨强度对坡面流有明显的"增阻"效应;坡面阻力系数随着坡长的增加呈幂函数减小趋势;坡面平均土壤侵蚀率与单宽流量间呈一元线性趋势增加,与水流平均流速间呈指数函数增加,与雷诺数间呈二次函数增加。     

Establishing an eyeball-weight relationship for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology

This study aimed to establish a shrimp eyeball-weight relationship model for Litopenaeus vannamei using machine vision technology. A total of 295 shrimp were sampled from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). The long-axis length (d), body length (L), and body weight (W) of each individual was measured. The long axis length of the shrimp eyeball was identified and measured using machine vision technology. Continuous fitting and piecewise fitting models were used to construct the eyeball-weight relationship model for L. vannamei. The continuous fitting relationship model was described as: W = 38.865d^2.7914, while the piecewise model was described as: d < 2 mm, W = 0.0326d^3.7363, R² = 0.9288; 2 mm ≤ d < 3.9 mm, W = 0.0401d^3.104, R² = 0.9629; 3.9 mm ≤ d < 5.8 mm, W = 0.0421d^3.0311, R² = 0.9216; 5.8 mm < d, W = 0.103d^2.6226, R² = 0.9457. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the piecewise fitting model (0.0244, 0.1575, 0.5034, 0.7072) was smaller than the continuous fitting model (0.8229). The correlation coefficient (R²) of the piecewise model (0.9288, 0.9629, 0.9216, and 0.9457) was similar to that of the continuous fitting model (R² = 0.9621). The results indicated that the piecewise fitting model is suitable for calculating the biomass of L. vannamei in RAS and provides a novel way of estimating the biomass of L. vannamei cultured in RAS. The piecewise fitting model can also provide the foundation of evaluating the production of shrimp using underwater image recognition in intelligent aquaculture systems.     

分流叶片对高速井泵压力脉动的影响

针对高速井泵采用分流叶片设计带来的稳定性问题,运用Creo3.0软件建立了叶轮、导叶等关键零件的三维模型;在CFX数值模拟数据与外特性试验数据吻合较好的基础上,将分流叶片的进口直径d₁与叶轮外径D₂的比值定义为一个表达分流叶片综合特性参数的量纲一化系数σ.σ分别取值0.60,0.62,0.65,设计分流叶片长短不同的3个叶轮方案,且对各方案的动静干涉区域进行了详细的压力脉动数值模拟计算及分析.结果表明:压力脉动幅值大小与监测点和交界面的径向距离有关,径向距离越大,压力脉动幅值越小;各监测点压力脉动随分流叶片长度的减小逐渐减弱,当分流叶片长度减小到某一临界值以后,压力脉动基本保持不变;当σ=0.62时,压力脉动幅值较小,脉动周期清晰;除中流线上的监测点以外,各监测点压力脉动主频受叶轮叶频的影响较大,分流叶片对中流线上监测点的压力脉动影响较大.