灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术，试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁），拔节期灌1水（W₂），孕穗期灌1水（W₃），越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂），越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃），拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃），越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3），全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明，与不灌水的CK比较，所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加，但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大；拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大，但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小，对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大；孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大，对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加，小麦籽粒产量显著提高，淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变，而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高，其次是W₁₃处理；W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高，其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理；W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高，其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标，最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

基于多源遥感数据的河套灌区干旱时空演变特征

利用中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）验证了2015—2016年土壤水分主动-被动微波数据集（SMAP）在河套灌区的适用性，基于土壤水分亏缺指数（SWDI ）和干旱周百分比（PDW）分析了作物生育期内灌区农业干旱时空演变规律，通过两个参考指标检验了SWDI在河套灌区的精度。结果表明：（1）SMAP在河套灌区的适用性较好；区域尺度上，SMAP和CLDAS的相关系数为0.65；栅格尺度上，约有69%的栅格表现良好（R>0.5），且多集中在灌区西南部和东北部。（2）严重干旱主要发生在4月下旬到5月中旬、7月下旬到8月下旬以及9月中旬到10月中旬，主要集中在灌区的西南部、中部和东部；2015—2016年PDW值略有增大，干旱事件的持续时间有所延长。（3）大气水分亏缺量（AWD）表征的气象干旱在时间上显示2 a内灌区干旱月份为5—8月；空间上，除去地形原因，SWDI和AWD的相关性较为显著，且有一半格点通过了显著性水平为0.01的显著检验，表明基于SWDI对河套灌区进行干旱状况分析具有较高的可信度。     

龟石灌区节水改造的潜力与效益分析

针对龟石灌区农业用水效率低下、浪费严重等问题，提出了节水措施，分析了节水改造的潜力与效益。灌区水资源优化配置与合理利用，提高灌溉水利用率和水分生产率，富余水量用于城市供水及发电，提高单位水量的价值不仅是必要的，而且是灌区发展的必由之路。     

Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop

A field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S-99-1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄), three treatments of four irrigation (W₅, W₇ and W₈) and one treatment of five irrigation (W₆) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.
Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:
With-holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W₄, W₁ and W₇; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

施肥和灌溉对蔬菜品质影响的研究进展

综述了蔬菜品质的内涵及施肥、灌溉对蔬菜品质影响的研究进展。综合前人研究结果可以看出,适量增加施肥量通常可改善蔬菜商品品质,并可提高蔬菜产品中蛋白质、游离氨基酸、有机酸等营养物质指标的含量,但过量施肥则常导致总糖、可溶性糖、抗坏血酸等营养成分含量的降低,并可导致卫生品质及风味品质的降低。合理灌溉可以有效提高蔬菜各种品质指标,但对于许多果菜类而言,适当控制浇水量则有利于营养品质的提高。通常情况下,施肥与灌溉对蔬菜产品品质的影响结果受土壤基础肥力、肥料种类及其配比、蔬菜种类、产品成熟度等因素的影响较大。     

节水灌溉对葡萄及葡萄酒质量的影响

 研究了不同灌溉方法对葡萄生长发育、浆果品质和葡萄酒质量的影响。结果表明, 节水灌溉显著改善了土壤结构, 增加了深层土壤的根系密度; 提高了果汁糖含量, 降低了酸含量和全盐含量, 改善了pH 值; 提高了葡萄酒的感官质量, 酒体丰满, 香气浓郁, 滋味更好; 年灌溉用水量3825 ~ 4800m3# hm^-2, 比常规灌溉节水36%。     

A conceptual model of farmers' decision-making process for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of durum wheat

With a 2 millions of tons production, France is the second country in the European Union to produce durum wheat. Durum wheat production requires high grain nitrogen concentration. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization must be managed simultaneously to maximize grain yield and also avoid low protein concentration and environmental impacts. To help advisors and farmers to better manage together these two agricultural operations and to develop innovative managements, developing a biodecisional model is an interesting possibility. However, knowledge is still missing on how farmers already managed these operations and how these two operations are linked. We developed the conceptual model for the decision part of this computer model. We performed a survey of 28 farmers conducted over the five French production areas investigating a diversity of growing conditions to identify the set of possible constraints and farmers' decision rules. To analyze the survey, we first used a general inductive approach on individual cases and then built a conceptual model of the decision with a bottom-up approach. We identified four decision sequences for fertilization (N splitting, choice of N fertilizer, rate of application, fertilization triggering) and five for irrigation (irrigation period, anticipated number of irrigation cycles, irrigation cycles organization, irrigation triggering and irrigation cycle specificities). For each operation, the first three decision sequences refer to strategic decisions. The other decision sequences refer to tactical decisions. Coupling this model with a crop model could provide guidelines for managing durum wheat in the current climatic and economic changing context.     

大棚蔬菜滴灌系统案例设计与分析

选取大棚蔬菜种植园为实例,根据当地的水文地质特征、水源条件、大棚分布以及蔬菜种植结构,详细计算并校核了滴灌系统的总体分布、灌溉均匀度、允许灌溉强度、设计湿润比、灌水器选择、毛管极限长度等设计标准参数。通过灌溉制度的制定,计算各级管道管径、水头损失,选择过滤器,确定水泵型号,完成了滴灌系统的整体设计。该滴灌设计案例分析过程详细,结果合理,可作为相关滴灌工程设计参考依据。     

有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳的影响

通过研究不同有机物料添加对内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤可溶性有机碳含量变化的影响，寻找合理高效的增碳方式，降低碱化土壤有机碳损失。以内蒙古河套灌区轻度、中度盐碱土为对象进行田间试验，设置生物炭（BC）添加、羊粪（GM）添加，对照（CK）3个处理，对比和分析不同有机物料添加后土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：（1）与CK相比，轻度碱化土壤BC、GM处理土壤DOC含量分别增加3.28%，20.66%，SOC含量增加5.40%，10.30%，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下可溶性碳增加41.32%，74.10%，土壤SOC含量增加60.24%，79.16%；（2）轻度碱化土壤BC和GM处理土壤DOC含量与SOC含量呈负相关，中度碱化土壤BC和GM处理下呈正相关；（3）盐碱土壤SOC、DOC含量主要与土壤pH、电导率的变化有关；BC处理较GM处理相比土壤电导率低约1.93%~29.15%，而GM处理土壤pH、碱化度比BC处理低0.31%~1.53%，7.10%~24.63%。总体来看，有机物料添加后均能使土壤中SOC、DOC含量提高，不同程度地降低土壤碱化程度，且羊粪添加较生物炭略好，因此羊粪添加对河套灌区碱化土壤碳含量的提高比生物炭添加更有效，土壤改良效果更好，土壤理化性质改善更明显。