Importance of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Produced by Fusarium graminearum during Infection of Wheat Heads

Cytological studies were carried out to elucidate the importance of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) during infection of wheat spikes by Fusarium graminearum. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that at 6–24 hours after inoculation (hai) of single spikelets with macroconidia of F. graminearum, the fungus germinated by forming several germ tubes and developed a dense hyphal network in the cavity of the spikelet. At 24–36hai, the fungus formed infection hyphae which invaded the ovary and inner surface of the lemma and palea. Transmission electron microscopical studies revealed that the fungus extended inter- and intracellularly in the ovary, lemma and rachis and caused considerable damage and alterations to the host cell walls. In different tissues of healthy and F. graminearum-infected wheat spikes the cell wall components cellulose, xylan and pectin were localized by means of enzyme-gold and immuno-gold labelling techniques. Localization of cellulose, xylan and pectin showed that host cell walls which were in direct contact with the pathogen surface had reduced gold labelling compared to considerable higher labelling densities of walls distant from the pathogen–host interface or in non-colonized tissues. The reduced gold labelling densities in the infected host cell walls indicate that these polysaccharide degrading enzymes might be important pathogenicity factors of F. graminearum during infection of wheat spikes. The results revealed that, infection and colonization of wheat spikes by F. graminearum and reactions of infected host tissue were similar to those reported for F. culmorum.     

MB22木聚糖酶发酵条件的研究

通过因素轮换试验和正交试验,对MB22菌产木聚糖酶的培养基配方和发酵条件进行了研究。结果显示最佳培养基组成是:以玉米芯粉和麸皮为碳源,麸皮120g/l,玉米芯280g/l,(NH4)2SO44g/l,CaCO31.5g/l,Tween80,2.0g/l,MgSO4·7H2O1.5g/l;最佳发酵条件为:起始pH5.0,摇床培养温度30℃,转速160r/min,振荡培养84h。在最佳发酵条件下,MB22菌的最高产酶活力可达898.23U/ml。虽然与一些高产菌株相比该菌株的产酶能力还有待于进一步提高,但该试验结果为进一步进行微生物生产木聚糖酶的研究提供了理论依据。     

木聚糖超滤脱盐废水的电化学降解研究

用RuO2-Ti网作为阳极，Ti网为阴极对木聚糖超滤脱盐废水进行电氧化反应。结果表明：采用电化学法处理木聚糖超滤脱盐废水，使废水的色度、CODcr和BOD5由原来的1400倍、5160mg／L和l820mg／L降为50倍、150mg／L和100mg／L，达到国家排放标准。同时通过紫外光谱图探讨了电化学氧化作用的机理。     

木聚糖酶解反应与膜分离技术研究

过程耦合是应用技术领域研究的热点之一 ,膜及膜分离技术的开发促进了过程耦合技术的发展。如膜超滤、膜萃取、膜蒸馏、渗透蒸发。在超滤膜反应器中木聚糖酶解制备低聚木糖的条件 :酶体积用量1 0 % ,木聚糖质量浓度 3 0 .0 g/L ,稀释率 1h-1,pH值 5 .0 ,反应温度 48℃ ,酶解时间 1 3 5min。在该条件下 ,低聚木糖得率、木糖得率、低聚木糖生产能力及低聚木糖与总糖之比分别为 2 8.5 % ,4.1 % ,3 .80g/ (L·h)和0 .87,并比较了分批加料、浓缩酶、常规反应器中酶解反应效果 ,浓缩木聚糖酶酶解结果表明 :木糖得率很低(0 .2 % ) ,低聚木糖得率为 3 5 .9%。     

不同木聚糖水平饲粮中添加木聚糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道微生态环境的影响

本试验旨在研究不同木聚糖水平饲粮中添加木聚糖酶对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道微生物代谢产物和菌群数量的影响.选择30头体重相近,遗传背景相似的28日龄“杜×长×大”三元杂交断奶阉公猪,采用2×3因子试验设计,设2个饲粮木聚糖酶添加量(0和1 000 U/kg)和3个饲粮木聚糖水平(4.58％、6.23％和7.54％),将仔猪...     

玉米芯木聚糖的碱法提取及其酶解产物研究

为了探明碱法提取玉米芯木聚糖的最适条件,对玉米芯木聚糖的提取条件进行了研究,并对提取的不同木聚糖进行酶解。结果表明:碱法提取玉米芯木聚糖时,在100g/L NaOH、1∶20固液比、60℃、3h的条件下进行一次性提取,木聚糖得率达29.45%。提取液离心可得到纯度达80.5%的水不溶性木聚糖(wis-X),乙醇沉淀得到的水溶性木聚糖(ws-X)纯度为6.4%。wis-X的酶解产物是木糖和3种低聚木糖,ws-X的酶解产物是葡萄糖和3种低聚木糖。因此,玉米芯是制备wis-X和低聚木糖的理想原料,从简化工艺和节约成本角度考虑,碱提前不需稀酸预处理,适宜条件下提取1次即可。     

Bacteria inhabiting artificially inoculated xylem of Picea abies

Bacteria inhabiting the xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) were investigated. The trees had been wounded and artificially inoculated with fungi and bacteria obtained from wounds of naturally infected spruce. One and five growing seasons after inoculation the Gram‐negative bacterial population present in the stem of inoculated trees were analysed.

The Gram‐negative bacteria isolated from the trees were identified on the basis of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests and whole‐cell fatty acid composition. The predominant strains were Enterobacteriaceae fermenter strains (E. agglomerans or E. sakazakii), fluorescent and yellow pigmented Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella spp. All Gram‐positive bacteria were Bacillus species.

The Gram‐negative bacteria of Norway spruce differed from the Gram‐positive species in possessing stronger lipolytic activity and in their ability to utilize pine resins for growth. Gram‐positive bacteria were generally able to utilise cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas among the Gram‐negative bacteria only one xylanolytic (yellow Pseudomonas) strain was found.     

木聚糖降解细菌的鉴定及其木聚糖酶的特性

[目的]探讨木聚糖酶的生理生化特性。[方法]采用平板活性筛选法从不同环境样品中筛选出木聚糖降解能力最强的菌株进行鉴定并对其所产粗木聚糖酶的特性进行研究。[结果]菌株GXM1被鉴定为洋葱假单胞菌,菌株GXM4为类芽孢杆菌。菌株GXMI所产木聚糖酶的最适pH为6．0,最适温度为55℃,菌株GⅫ咐所产木聚糖酶的最适pH为6．0,最适温度为50℃。2株菌株所产的木聚糖酶在40℃以下较为稳定。Mn^2＋、Ca^2＋和Zn^2＋对菌株GXM1所产木聚糖酶有显著的激活作用,而Cu^2＋、Fe^2＋和Fe^2＋对其有显著的抑制作用;Ca^2＋和Fe^3＋对菌株GXM4所产木聚糖酶有显著的激活作用,而Mn^2＋、Zn^2＋和Fe^2＋对其有显著的抑制作用。[结论]为高效木聚糖酶的生产应用奠定了理论基础。     

玉米芯中提取木聚糖的研究

通过单因素及正交试验对从玉米芯中提取木聚糖的工艺条件进行了优化,得出最佳工艺如下:NaOH溶液的浓度为15%,固液比1∶20,90℃浸提90 min,离心,将上清夜pH值调到5.0,静置过夜,离心得到木聚糖A,再将上清液用3倍体积95%的工业酒精沉淀60 min得木聚糖B,在上述条件下木聚糖提取率为28.5%.     

木聚糖衍生物及膜材料研究进展

木聚糖作为阔叶木和禾本科植物半纤维素的主要成分,因其来源广、可再生、可降解等特点,近年来成为备受关注的功能天然高分子。木聚糖基膜材料因气体阻隔性能优异、生物相容性好、环境友好等特性,在造纸、食品包装、涂层、生物医药材料领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。但是木聚糖具有水溶性和成膜性较差、膜材料极易吸湿和力学强度低等缺陷,极大地限制了其规模化、商业化应用,因此,如何改善这些缺陷将是木聚糖研究与应用的热点和难点。木聚糖通过化学改性可赋予其刺激响应性、离子性、热塑性等新的特性,增加木聚糖的溶解性、疏水性和改善其可加工性能,是实现木聚糖在功能材料制备与应用的重要途径。笔者总结了近年来木聚糖醚化、酯化、氧化和接枝共聚改性的研究进展,探讨了反应条件对木聚糖衍生物取代度、产率和性能的影响;总结了近年来木聚糖基膜材料的制备策略与应用,如通过内增塑、外增塑、聚合物增强等实现了木聚糖基膜材料的高效制备,并探讨了其在应用过程中的优势及缺陷,为木聚糖今后研究和应用提供新的方法和思路。