武功山山地草甸生态恢复技术研究

武功山草甸是我国南方亚热带地区极具代表性的山地草甸,近年来由于自然和人为因素干扰,尤其是旅游业的发展,使得局部区域岩石裸露,生物多样性降低.因此,本文以武功山退化草甸为研究对象,通过对不同退化草甸类型进行划分,采用恢复生态学的理论和方法进行生态恢复,旨在为武功山山地草甸生态旅游和可持续发展提供科学依据.结果发现:重度退化草甸恢复技术采用客土后种植芒和毛秆野古草,并用无纺布覆盖的效果较好;中度退化的草甸采用植草技术种植芒和毛秆野古草恢复效果较好;轻度退化草甸用芒与毛秆野古草块状混交种植后,再种植两歧飘拂草、艾、紫萼、前胡等伴生草种恢复效果较好.     

自研型黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)是一种广泛存在于自然界的腐生真菌,也是重要的工业发酵微生物,在工业酶制剂及有机酸发酵方面得以应用.因其具有强大的酶系统,可溶解土壤中的难溶盐分,促进植株生长,且具有抑菌性而在农业上被广泛应用.在黑曲霉作为丸粒化种衣剂的有效成分的条件下,探究了该制剂对高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为新型高粱种衣剂的研发及其合理应用提供理论依据.[方法]以高粱种子及幼苗为研究对象,采用室内发芽和盆栽试验相结合的方法,采用自研型黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子进行丸粒化包衣,播种后测定高粱种子的发芽势、发芽率、幼苗素质及对高粱幼苗叶斑病的防效,以评价黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响.[结果]黑曲霉的最佳的包衣浓度为5×108 cfu/g,当浓度为1×109 cfu/g黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用;适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子的发芽率及发芽势有促进作用,使发芽率提高3.3～10个百分点,出苗率提高11.6个百分点;可使高粱根长伸长11.2～34.8个百分点,株高矮化27.8～41.5个百分点,单株幼苗鲜质量提高21.9～162.8个百分点,根冠比增大6.7～46.7个百分点,根系活力提高4.6～20.2个百分点;对高粱叶斑病防治效果达63.37％～82.77％.[结论]将适宜浓度的黑曲霉引入到丸化种衣剂中,可促进高粱种子萌发,显著提高其幼苗根长、根冠比、根系活力及单株鲜质量,使株高矮化,提高其抗倒伏能力,并且对高粱叶斑病有一定的防效;但过量浓度的黑曲霉包衣高粱种子则降低高粱种子发芽势、根长及根系活力,对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用.适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸化种衣剂是保苗壮苗及安全生产的新型环保种衣剂.研究结果可对新型丸化种衣剂的研发提供科学参考、对黑曲霉的应用前景提供新的理论依据、对有机高粱的生产提供新的思路及保障高粱质量安全具有重要的意义.     

Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的累加细胞毒性研究

由于饲料中多种霉菌毒素并存的几率比较高，本研究以仔猪肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）为模型，研究黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）和呕吐毒素（DON）的叠加细胞毒性。细胞毒性试验选用AFB1、ZEA和DON三种毒素作为响应面Box-Behnke设计的三个因素，以AFB1：10、20、30 μg/L，ZEA：150、300、450 μg/L，DON：500、1000、1500 μg/L作为Box-Behnke设计的三个编码水平。利用响应面设计构建得到17组复合霉菌毒素组合，以其对IPEC-J2细胞活力的影响作为参考指标，得到对细胞损伤程度最高和最低的霉菌毒素添加比例。结果表明：经方程预测后，得到细胞活力最低（霉菌毒素毒性最高）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为30、150 μg/L和1500 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为32.32%|得到细胞活力最高（霉菌毒素毒性最低）的AFB1、ZEA和DON组合为10、150 μg/L和600 μg/L，经测定细胞活力为53.01%。该结果为多种霉菌毒素叠加毒性的研究提供了依据。 [关键词] IPEC-J2细胞|黄曲霉毒素B1|玉米赤霉烯酮|呕吐毒素|细胞毒性     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

气候变化对藏药独一味适生区分布格局的影响

本研究通过实地调查，运用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型和环境气候数据模拟未来气候变化对青藏高原地区藏药独一味（Lamiophlomis rotata（Benth.）Kudo）适生区空间分布格局的影响，探索其适生区变迁规律。通过ArcGIS和SPSS对模拟结果分析显示，当前气候条件下独一味最适宜生长地区主要分布于青藏高原地区的四川与西藏，甘肃与青海交界处，占青藏高原总面积的24.87%，其中西藏自治区适生区面积最大，其次是四川和青海，甘肃和云南占比最小；未来气候变化使适生区几何中心向西南方向迁移97.1 km，且海拔上升267 m；气候变化带来的适生区扩大面积约为退化面积的2倍，各省适生区面积均呈现增加，西藏增加最多，其次是四川，青海略有增加，云南和甘肃变化不大；如果气候变暖持续发生，人工引种驯化应选择海拔相对较高区域，而低海拔地区由于退化风险，应作为物种保护区域重点监测。本研究将为气候敏感地区野生濒危药用植物的引种驯化及资源保护提供参考依据。     

高能湿法球磨制备鱼胶原肽螯合钙及其理化特征

为了拓展胶原肽螯合钙的制备工艺,以鱼胶原肽和CaCl2为原料,以高能湿法球磨的方法制备了鱼胶原肽螯合钙,并采用FT-IR红外图谱、X-衍射、EDS能谱等技术手段对其理化特性和结构进行分析。结果显示,随着球磨时间从15 min延长到240 min,鱼胶原肽的平均粒径逐渐降低,ZETA电位绝对值、分子量和pH值逐渐增加,鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率逐渐从74.21%增加到85.42%。鱼胶原肽螯合钙与鱼胶原肽的主体化学结构相似,但是球磨后鱼胶原肽的-COO-1 VAS吸收峰(1 643.89 cm~(-1))向短波数方向移动到1 540～1 555 cm~(-1),而-NH2的特征吸收峰(3 313.9 cm~(-1))向长波数方向移动到3 337.12～3 380.59 cm~(-1)。球磨后鱼胶原在2θ=20°处的特征宽吸收峰消失,而在2θ=26、28、48和58°处出现多个尖峰和弥散峰,表明其从无定形结构向兼具结晶和无定形结构转变。鱼胶原肽螯合钙中钙元素比例逐渐增加,证实鱼胶原肽对钙的螯合率增加。研究表明,高能湿法球磨可应用于鱼胶原肽螯合钙的制备,该方法具有加工工艺简单、无污染和螯合率高等优点。     

抗霜霉病耐褐变肉丝瓜新配组"徐绿1号"的培育

在引种筛选的基础上,以"徐筒玉丝瓜"高代自XT-6为母本,以淮北地区耐褐变品种"绿钻88"的高代自交系LZ-6为父本,杂交获得F1新配组(暂命名为"徐绿1号").对其进行农艺学性状综合评价,结果发现,新配组"徐绿1号"在耐褐变性上优于XT-6,OD值为0.31;在早熟性上没有明显差异;小区产量优于XT-6,为36.89 kg;田间病情指数白粉病和霜霉病分别为26.52和5.23;即新配组"徐绿1号"在褐变性、早熟性、产量性状以及田间自然发病率等方面均表现较好.因此该杂交配组可作为丝瓜新品种进行推广应用.     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.