超声波辅助提取荷叶多酚工艺及其动力学分析

以微山湖荷叶为试材,用超声波辅助提取荷叶多酚,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化提取工艺,并建立4种数学模型对提取过程的动力学进行研究,采用决定系数(R2)、精准因子(Af)、偏差因子(Bf)和根平均方差(RMSE)4种模型评价参数对模型的适用性进行分析。结果表明:当乙醇体积分数68%、料液比1∶25 g·mL-1、提取温度40℃、提取时间38 min时,荷叶多酚得率为3.231%;2种非线性增长函数模型,即Sgompertz模型和Slogistic1模型能很好地拟合荷叶多酚提取的动力学过程。超声波辅助提取的工艺参数及所建立的动力学数学模型,均可用于荷叶多酚提取过程的工程放大和优化控制。     

1-MCP处理对“东红”猕猴桃货架期品质的影响

以"东红"猕猴桃为试材,通过采后用不同浓度(0、0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-1)1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)进行处理后,将果实至于(20.0±0.5)℃层析冷柜中对其进行货架期贮藏,研究"东红"猕猴桃果实品质的变化,以期为延长猕猴桃货架期品质提供参考依据。结果表明:0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够有效地抑制"东红"猕猴桃果实硬度、b*值、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的下降;0.75μL·L^-1及0.50μL·L^-11-MCP均能够显著降低"东红"猕猴桃果实呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性;0.25、0.50、0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地推迟"东红"猕猴桃果实可溶性固形物含量的上升,而不同浓度1-MCP处理间对"东红"猕猴桃果实可滴定酸含量的作用效果无显著差异。综合比较,0.75μL·L^-11-MCP能够更好地保持"东红"猕猴桃的货架期品质,其次为0.50μL·L^-11-MCP。综合考虑"东红"猕猴桃货架期品质变化及成本,建议"东红"猕猴桃的1-MCP使用浓度为0.50~0.75μL·L^-1。     

Role of chlorogenic acid in endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice

AIM: To explore the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on endothelial dysfunction in db/db mice and the possible mechanism. METHODS: Male db/db mice (n=12) were divided into control group and CGA group, with 6 mice in each group. The mice in CGA group were treated with diet containing 0.02% CGA, while the mice in control group were given normal diet only. The observation period was 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose level, tail blood pressure and the body weight were analyzed each week. At the end of the 12th week, the mice were anesthetized and blood was taken from carotid artery. The plasma levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalase (CAT), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) were measured by ELISA. The mouse aortas were isolated, and the superoxide anion and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by DHE and DAF-2 DA staining, respectively. Wire Myograph System was used to detect the vasorelaxation of db/db mouse aorta. The protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (p-eNOS), P22^phox and P47^phox were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Dietary CGA decreased fasting blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice as compared with control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The plasma levels of HO-1, CAT, NQO1 and GPx-1 in CGA group were higher than those in control group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Administration of CGA for 12 weeks attenuated superoxide anion level, increased NO level in the mouse endothelium and improved endothelium-dependent relaxation of the db/db mouse aorta. CGA also increased the protein levels of PPARα, Nrf2, p-AMPK and p-eNOS, and decreased P22^phox and P47^phox levels (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Dietary CGA improves db/db mouse endothelium-dependent relaxation. This effect may be related to the increases in the levels of antioxidant molecules PPARα, Nrf2 and p-AMPK, and the up-regulation of antioxidant capacity, thus decreasing the oxidative stress, promoting eNOS phosphorylation, and increasing NO level.     

物联网与作物模型在智慧棉花系统中的应用与展望

在已有科技与研究成果基础上，结合数据库技术，构建基于物联网与棉花功能结构模型Cotton XL的智慧棉花生产数字化系统平台。系统利用智能传感器等物联网设备实时采集田间气象、土壤和作物长势等数据以及现场视频图像信息，通过网络传输监测范围内棉株的信息至数据库，结合模型模拟分析，实现远程操控辅助管理、预测判别、智能处理和可视化模拟等功能，从而优化作物栽培管理措施，提升资源配置效率，提高棉花产量与品质，为棉农适应现代农业信息化、智能化、高效化提供有效途径。     

Modern eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in an ephemeral desert stream in Inner Mongolia,China

Purpose

Floods and eolian activities are the dominant external agents to shape the topographic forms in ephemeral desert streams of drylands. So far, few studies have discussed the modern processes of eolian–fluvial interactions. To bridge this gap, we studied the modern interactions of eolian and fluvial process in a desert ephemeral river, the Maobula Gully in Inner Mongolia, which exhibits typical eolian–fluvial interactions.

Materials and methods

Multisource data such as integrated particle size data, hydrological data from the Tugerige Hydrological Station, high-spatial-resolution satellite images, and an eolian sediment saltation emission model were integrated to analyze the effects of eolian and fluvial delivery to the sediment on the riverbed, the eolian sediment feeding rate to the gully, the transport of sediment in flood events, and the interactions between eolian and fluvial processes.

Results and discussion

The desert reach of the Maobula Gully is a replacement reach between coarse sediment from the upper reaches and eolian sediment from the Kubuqi Desert. The annual eolian sediment feeding into the gully exhibited a significant decreasing trend. The eolian sediment into the gully increases the available sediment and the bed roughness, affecting the transport of sediment during floods. The sediment concentration and yields in flood events are mainly decided by the discharge and water yield, respectively. Through a comparison of the channel forms between 1970 and 2013, a recovery mechanism in the Maobula Gully was identified, which involves the equilibrium state between abrupt flood erosion and continuous dune migration.

Conclusions

This study analyzed the modern processes of eolian and fluvial processes and their interactions in a typical ephemeral desert stream named the Maobula Gully, and some interesting results were found. We believe that the methodology and results could provide references and evidence for understanding the mechanisms of fluvial and eolian interactions in other ephemeral desert streams around the world.

     

苹果抗轮纹病机制研究进展

在中国引起苹果轮纹病的病原菌为葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea），其主要通过自然孔口直接侵染苹果，并分泌细胞降解酶等使苹果组织降解以促进病菌的进一步侵染，而苹果可通过增强细胞壁的木质化、释放抗菌化合物以及产生免疫蛋白等抑制病菌。通过对苹果轮纹病的危害及病原菌种类、病菌侵染机制、苹果的抗性机制等方面的详细综述，为有效防治苹果轮纹病提供理论依据。     

纳他霉素处理对火龙果贮藏品质的影响

研究不同浓度的纳他霉素对火龙果采后贮藏保鲜效果的影响。以火龙果为试验材料,研究不同浓度(0、400、800、1200 mg/L)纳他霉素对火龙果贮藏期生理、营养指标及果实表面微生物菌落情况的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,不同浓度的纳他霉素处理均可显著降低火龙果呼吸强度,抑制腐烂指数、鳞片黄化率、质量损失率、丙二醛含量的增加,延缓鳞片叶绿素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量的降低,提高果实SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化相关酶活性,在贮藏末期时仍能保持较低的细菌菌落总数、酵母菌和霉菌总数。综合认为,纳他霉素处理可以明显延缓火龙果果实衰老,有效保持果实的贮藏品质,其中以800 mg/L纳他霉素处理效果最佳。     

一种播补一体化新型马铃薯播种机的设计与试验

现有马铃薯漏播补偿方案普遍需附加补偿种箱及单独设置补偿排种通道，导致系统结构复杂、补偿种薯落点偏差较大。为此，本研究提出了基于单向离合器的播补一体化马铃薯播种机新方案。该方案排种链轮正常播种使用地轮动力，而补偿状态在单向离合器协调下转移至补偿专用电动机，补偿完成后则继续恢复至地轮。基于此，在计算所需时间内，采用后一取种勺上的种薯直接追赶前一缺种位置的追赶式补偿方案，可以使补偿种薯也在原排种通道中运动，独立的补偿种薯专用通道不再需要，从而使系统结构简化、可靠性提高。样机田间试验表明，所采用的红外辐射排种监测系统误判率不超过1‰，系统平均自然漏播率对排种速度不敏感，漏播补偿成功率随着排种链速度的增加而快速降低，但即使达到正常排种链速最高值0.8 m·s^-1，依然有平均74%以上的漏播能被成功补偿，系统平均最终漏播率不足平均自然漏播率的1/4，漏播补偿作用效果明显。     

拔节后补灌对不同穗型冬小麦耗水和籽粒产量的影响

为探究拔节期和开花期不同补灌方案对不同穗型冬小麦耗水特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响，于2017-2019年在山东省泰安市以大穗型品种山农23和中多穗型品种山农29为试验材料，以拔节后无灌水(T1)为对照，设置拔节期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T2)、拔节期和开花期补灌目标为0~20 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T3)和拔节期补灌目标为0~40 cm土层相对含水率达100%田间持水率(T4) 3种补灌方案。结果表明，拔节后不同补灌方案对大穗型和多穗型小麦品种影响基本一致。与T1处理相比，T4处理显著提高了0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率，使60~100 cm土层土壤相对含水率在开花期仍保持较高水平；T3处理显著提高了拔节期0～60 cm和开花期0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水率。与T3处理相比，T4处理的拔节至开花阶段耗水量增加了28.9%，其中对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了66.4%；T4处理在开花至成熟阶段对深层土壤总供水的表观消耗量增加了68.0%，对上层土壤总供水的表观消耗量降低了37.4%。在开花至成熟期降水较多(121.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率和籽粒产量相对于T3处理均无显著变化，但总耗水量较高，水分利用效率显著降低；在开花至成熟期降水较少(45.2 mm)的年份，T4处理的开花至成熟期的阶段耗水量、开花后旗叶净光合速率、籽粒产量和水分利用效率较T3处理均显著降低。因此，在小麦全生育期降水量为111.6~220.2 mm、开花后降水量为45.2~121.2 mm的条件下，大穗型和中多穗型小麦品种均以在拔节期和开花期将0~20 cm土层补灌至100%田间持水率的补灌方案最优，可同时实现高产和高水分利用效率。