RAPD和AFLP标记分析中国马铃薯主要品种的遗传多样性

采用RAPD 和AFLP两种方法分析71份中国各地马铃薯主要品种,均可将其完全区分,并可对其进行分子鉴定;证明中国马铃薯主要品种遗传组成上差异小,遗传多样性差。由于标记方法的原理差异和栽培马铃薯遗传组成复杂性,用2种方法分类的结果有所差异。AFLP标记检测获得的Shannon-weaver指数和Simpson指数均高于RAPD标记检测的结果,AFLP标记检测多态性的能力远高于RAPD标记。AFLP标记平均每个引物组合检测到100.1个位点,其中54.9条为多态性位点,而RAPD标记的相应数据分别为12.5和9.8个。不同的标记方法在马铃薯遗传多样性研究中存在差异,聚类结果从分子水平反映了中国现有主要马铃薯品种遗传基础的狭窄。     

Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Aqueous Solution by Nanoscale Fe/Al2(SO4)3

A novel immobilized visible light-active photocatalyst (TiO₂/polyvinyl alcohol after thermal treatment (T-PVA)/cordierite honeycomb (CHC)) was successfully prepared by a simple and convenient method combining sol–gel and thermal treatment using tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) as the titanium source, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the precursor of conjugated polymer, and CHC as the support. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that PVA was dehydrated to produce conjugated unsaturated T-PVA. The T-PVA not only extended the response spectrum of TiO₂ to visible light region, but also strengthened the adhesion of TiO₂ to CHC. The TiO₂/T-PVA/CHC showed both outstanding adsorption properties and excellent photocatalytic performance under visible light on the decolorization of Rhodamine B. Over eight cycles, the photocatalyst continued to maintain perfect photocatalytic activity, showing good stability.

Formation of Volatile Halogenated By-Products During the Chlorination of Oxytetracycline

This study investigated the formation of volatile carbonaceous disinfection by-products (DBPs) and nitrogenous DBPs from chlorination of oxytetracycline. Six DBPs were identified including chloroform (CF), 1,1-dichloroacetone, 1,1,1-trichloroacetone (TCP), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile, and trichloronitromethane. DBP yields varied with different reaction conditions, including chlorine concentration, reacting time, pH, and bromide concentration. The highest DBP yields were found at Cl₂/C mass ratio and reaction time of 5 and 3?days, respectively. The solution pH had significant influence on CF, DCAN, and 1,1,1-TCP formation. The concentration of CF increased with the increase of pH, while DCAN and 1,1,1-TCP yields were high at acidic pH and decreased greatly under alkaline conditions. In the presence of bromide, the DBP composition shifted to multiple bromide compounds, including bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform, bromochloroacetonitrile, and dibromoacetonitrile.     

Thickness Change of Water film—New Mechanism of Salt Sensitivity in Extra-low Permeability Sandstone Reservoirs

Core samples of sandstone with extra-low permeability from Huimin area in Shengli oil field were selected, and the shape and composition of clay mineral in core samples were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Electrokinetic potential of clay minerals in four experimental fluids was measured, under reference to formation water’s salinity and different pH by means of Zeta Probe (potential measuring apparatus). The results show that the positive ion concentration in these experimental fluids is higher than the critical value to balance the negative ions on the face of clay minerals. That makes the positive ion in the state of over-saturated and keeps the value of electrokinetic potential positive in a wide range of pH value. We have evaluated the salt sensitivity extent of the samples, and analysed the data with electrokinetic potential of clay minerals in experimental fluids. The results show that the salt sensitivity mechanism of extra-low permeability sandstone reservoirs, with kaolinite-chlorite-illite and chlorite-illite as the main clay mineral composition, is that with the formation salinity decreasing, the thickness of water film increases, which brings about decreasing of effective pore-throat and enhancement of permeative resistance.     

巴旦杏砧木组织培养及植株再生

以新疆南疆咯什、和田地区的巴旦杏砧木品种桃巴旦、石头巴旦树上当年结的种子为试材,先用赤霉素打破休眠,消毒后接种子诱导生长及分化的培养基上。生长约一个月后,将由试管中种子培养长成的小植株剪切成长约1cm的单芽茎段,接入增殖培养基,20d后将增殖伸长的嫩茎用于生根,再将生根后的巴旦杏苗移栽到珍珠岩基质中培养,进行有效的移栽驯化管理,获得了较理想的移栽成活率。成功地进行了离体组织培养及植株再生。     

青藏高原土壤主量元素在2800米高程梯度上的分异特征

There are a series of special mountain soils on the Tibetan Plateau of China in an alpine environment for the high altitude. However, very few studies have focused on major soil elements in relation to soil formation in this area. Aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents of 237 topsoil samples covering a 2.8-km altitudinal gradient in uncultivated areas along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway of China were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The spatial distribution of the elements and its relationship to the parent rocks and climatic parameters were analyzed. Soils along the gradient are derived from a range of parent materials, but most are less than 30 cm deep with little development (Cambisols). Soil Al, Fe and Mg contents showed a decreasing trend from the start station (Xining Station) to end station (Lhasa Station) of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, whereas soil K and Na contents were relative stable from Xining Station to the Kunlun Mountains and then increased gradually. Soil Ca content was lower in the southern part of Tanggula Mountains. The major soil element contents clearly reflected the parent rock and climatic influences. Soils with higher Ca content appeared in areas with Ca-Mg carbonate rocks, soils with higher Al were found in areas with silicate-rich and high-Al silicate clastic rocks and silicate-rich aluminosilicate loose sediments. Soils with higher K and Na contents appeared in areas with high-K, high-Na and silicate-rich aluminosilicate rocks. Soil Na and K contents were affected by temperature, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al were more affected by precipitation. Soil Na and K contents increased with increasing temperatures, whereas the contents of Mg, Fe, Ca and Al decreased with increasing precipitation. This analysis provides a relationship between soil properties and rapidly changing environmental conditions. The data can be used to investigate the effect of the climate or land use change on soil properties.     

特低渗透砂岩油藏压裂液损害实验评价

以镇泾油田长8组砂岩油层为研究对象,探讨了压裂液损害评价方法,并进行压裂液滤液对基块岩样渗透率损害率和压裂破胶液动态滤失对造缝岩样返排恢复率测定的压裂液动态损害实验;考察了压裂液与地层流体、工作液之间的配伍性,压裂液和原油的润湿性,测定了压裂液乳化率和残渣。压裂液原胶液组成为0.4%HPG（瓜尔胶）+ 0.4% AS-6（季铵盐类黏土稳定剂）+ 0.3% CX- 307（阴离子型破乳助排剂）+ 0.1% HCHO（杀菌剂）。实验结果表明,原油与破胶液按3:1、3:2、1:1 体积比混合后的乳化率均在60% 以上,而破乳率仅为12.00%～23.77%。压裂液残渣含量平均为703 mg/L,易阻塞储层渗流通道。裂缝岩样经压裂液驱替后的返排恢复率为1.48%～85.83%;当裂缝充填支撑剂后的返排恢复率为0.02%～42.9%,较单纯裂缝岩样低。基块岩样压裂液乳化损害程度强,平均损害率为89.83%;残渣液损害程度强,平均损害率为73.71%;压裂液滤液损害程度中等偏弱,平均损害率为44.85%。压裂液产生的润湿反转使岩石由水湿转化为油湿。固相侵入、碱敏、润湿反转是储层损害的主要因素。固相侵入的损害率为28.86%,润湿性相关的损害率为44.98%,基块岩样碱敏损害率26.38%、裂缝岩样为32.18%。建议采用清洁压裂降低残渣损害、选用合适的表面活性剂提高返排率,为该油田储层保护和有效开发提供支持。     

Quality improvement of the thermal gel of horse mackerel by sodium citrate and its inhibition of the insoluble metalloproteinase

Modori-inducing proteinases (MIPs) in horse mackerel and the effect of sodium citrate on the modori phenomenon were investigated. Cysteine protease caused the modori phenomenon only at 60 ℃, while metalloproteinase caused it at both 60 ℃ and 70 ℃. Moreover, the autolysis of myofibrillar proteins was mainly inhibited by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), verifying the existence of insoluble metalloproteinase. From the results comparing thermal gel properties and protease activities, we confirmed that increased activity of insoluble metalloproteinase corresponded to the weakening of the thermal gel. Thus, insoluble metalloproteinase was the major MIP in horse mackerel. Moreover, sodium citrate could markedly inhibit insoluble metalloproteinase activity at 60 ℃. The addition of sodium citrate significantly improved the breaking force of the thermal gel at 60 ℃ and 70 ℃, suggesting that sodium citrate could suppress the modori phenomenon by inhibiting insoluble metalloproteinase. Therefore, it is desirable to use sodium citrate in horse mackerel surimi-based products to prevent the modori phenomenon.