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1.
Sarah M. Collier Sophie M. Green Alex Inman David W. Hopkins Hazel Kendall Molly M. Jahn Jennifer A. J. Dungait 《Soil Use and Management》2021,37(1):49-62
There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOCadj R2 = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOCunadj R2 = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management. 相似文献
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Richard R. Budnik Joseph D. Conroy Richard D. Zweifel Stuart A. Ludsin Elizabeth A. Marschall 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2021,30(1):31-47
Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions. 相似文献
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Maureen A. Griffin Ingrid M. Balsa Philipp D. Mayhew 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2021,62(6):572
A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias. 相似文献
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[目的]黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)是一种广泛存在于自然界的腐生真菌,也是重要的工业发酵微生物,在工业酶制剂及有机酸发酵方面得以应用.因其具有强大的酶系统,可溶解土壤中的难溶盐分,促进植株生长,且具有抑菌性而在农业上被广泛应用.在黑曲霉作为丸粒化种衣剂的有效成分的条件下,探究了该制剂对高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为新型高粱种衣剂的研发及其合理应用提供理论依据.[方法]以高粱种子及幼苗为研究对象,采用室内发芽和盆栽试验相结合的方法,采用自研型黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子进行丸粒化包衣,播种后测定高粱种子的发芽势、发芽率、幼苗素质及对高粱幼苗叶斑病的防效,以评价黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响.[结果]黑曲霉的最佳的包衣浓度为5×108 cfu/g,当浓度为1×109 cfu/g黑曲霉丸化种衣剂对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用;适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸粒化种衣剂对高粱种子的发芽率及发芽势有促进作用,使发芽率提高3.3~10个百分点,出苗率提高11.6个百分点;可使高粱根长伸长11.2~34.8个百分点,株高矮化27.8~41.5个百分点,单株幼苗鲜质量提高21.9~162.8个百分点,根冠比增大6.7~46.7个百分点,根系活力提高4.6~20.2个百分点;对高粱叶斑病防治效果达63.37%~82.77%.[结论]将适宜浓度的黑曲霉引入到丸化种衣剂中,可促进高粱种子萌发,显著提高其幼苗根长、根冠比、根系活力及单株鲜质量,使株高矮化,提高其抗倒伏能力,并且对高粱叶斑病有一定的防效;但过量浓度的黑曲霉包衣高粱种子则降低高粱种子发芽势、根长及根系活力,对高粱种子萌发及幼苗生长有一定程度的抑制作用.适宜浓度的黑曲霉丸化种衣剂是保苗壮苗及安全生产的新型环保种衣剂.研究结果可对新型丸化种衣剂的研发提供科学参考、对黑曲霉的应用前景提供新的理论依据、对有机高粱的生产提供新的思路及保障高粱质量安全具有重要的意义. 相似文献
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AbstractA study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed. 相似文献
9.
以10 a生酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’为试验材料,运用水肥一体化滴灌的方式分别在萌芽期(S1)、新梢旺长期(S2)、开花期(S3)、果实第一次膨大期(S4)和副梢生长旺期(S5)一次性施入300 kg·hm-2尿素,对照为整个生育期均不施氮肥(CK),分别于花后50 d(DAF50)、花后85 d(DAF85)和花后120 d(DAF120)进行光合特性指标的测定,并采样分析氮肥施用时期对葡萄叶片光合生理及内源激素水平的影响。结果表明:各生育期施氮均能增加叶片净光合速率(Pn)及PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),在花前施氮肥叶片Pn和Fv/Fm增加最为显著,最高分别达到18.22 μmol·m-2·s-1和0.854。S1、S2和S3处理显著增大了不同生育期叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),且S2处理在DAF85时最显著,Gs和Tr分别比CK高18.5%和10.8%;S3、S4和S5处理显著降低了叶片的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),S1处理叶片Ci与CK之间无显著差异。果实第一次膨大期之前施入氮肥能够显著增大各生育期叶片的PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ФPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭系数(qP),最高分别达到0.889和0.959。可见,不同时期施氮肥,通过改变光合荧光相关参数影响叶片光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配,从而改善叶片光能利用效率。氮肥的施用时期影响各生育期叶片内源激素的含量,施氮肥均显著提高了DAF85后叶片玉米素(ZT)含量,与CK相比至少提高21.9%;花后施入氮肥叶片中IAA含量在果实采收时保持在34.9 μg·g-1以上,S4和S2处理GA3含量最高,分别为7.11 μg·g-1和6.49 μg·g-1。因此,氮肥施用时期影响葡萄各生育期不同内源激素的积累。 相似文献
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菌株HN-2为本实验室分离得到的一株生防细菌,通过采用形态学观察结合现代分子生物学的手段鉴定生防菌HN-2为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis,以杧果炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz作为靶标,其发酵上清液的正丁醇萃取粗提物的活性最好,抑菌圈大小为20.93 mm,半最大效应浓度(EC50)为70.62 μg/mL。通过飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)数据结合基因检测的结果分析发现,正丁醇提取物中主要活性成分为脂肽类物质,其中含有表面活性素(surfactin)、伊枯草菌素(iturins)和泛革素(fengycin)等。通过显微观察发现正丁醇粗提物可以造成杧果炭疽病菌菌丝扭曲、膨大、畸形,从而抑制杧果炭疽病菌的生长,菌株HN-2正丁醇提取物处理后的杧果15 d内未出现杧果炭疽病病状,对杧果果实具有较好的保护作用。贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2的主要活性物质为脂肽类物质,其对植物病原真菌有较好的防治效果,具有进一步深入研究和开发应用的潜力。 相似文献