Chemical, physical and sensory changes of small abalone meat during cooking

ABSTRACT:   Small abalone meats were heated at 80°C and 98°C for 0–120 min and the differences in chemical, physical and sensory changes of the cooked meats were investigated. The decrease in moisture and weight and the increase in browning and Hunter's b -value were relatively higher for cooking at 98°C than at 80°C. After cooking for 20–120 min, the total amount of adenosine triphosphate and its related compounds on a dry weight basis decreased by 17–27% at 80°C and by 30–39% at 98°C; the total amount of free amino acids on a dry weight basis changed insignificantly at 80°C but decreased by 22–35% after cooking at 98°C. The meats cooked at 80°C were higher in cutting force whereas the levels in the samples cooked at 98°C did not decrease until samples had been cooked for 60 min. The hydroxyproline content showed little change during cooking except for in samples cooked at 98°C for 120 min, in which the content was found to be low. The extended cooking at 80°C improved the acceptability of small abalone meat, whereas only the acceptability score of aroma increased significantly for cooking at 98°C.     

小麦銹病化学治疗的研究

 治疗剂的应用是防治小麦锈病的新方向,已引起国际上普遍重视,并有不少成功的先例。     

Effect of different sources of dietary fibre on growth performance,intestinal morphology and caecal carbohydrases of domestic geese

1. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dietary fibre sources on growth and on the development of the gastro-intestinal tract in growing geese. 2. Six-week-old female White Roman geese were divided at random into 6 groups with 6 dietary treatments. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained alfalfa meal, barley bran, rice hulls, cellulose, pectin or lignin as the major dietary source of fibre. 3. Food intake was significantly higher in the barley bran group than in the other groups. Both daily weight gain and food conversion of the pectin and alfalfa meal groups were lower than those of the other groups. 4. In the 9-week-old geese, the relative weight and the length of the small intestine did not significantly differ among treatment groups. However, the relative weight was significantly lightest and the caecal length was significantly shortest ( P 0.05) in the pectin group. 5. Activities of amylase and cellulose hydrolases of the caecal contents were also highest in the pectin group. 6. From SEM micrographs, no morphological damage of the villi was observable in the different intestinal segments of the geese in any of the treatments.     

Purification, serology and properties of five zucchini yellow mosaic virus isolates

Five zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) isolates designated ZYMV-1, -3, -5, -7 and -FL were purified from zucchini plants grown under the same environmental conditions. Isolates were divided into three groups on the basis of yield of purified virus: group one (ZYM V-5 and -7) yielded 18-24 mg/100 g tissue, group two (ZYMV-3) 5.0-5.7 mg/100 g tissue, and group three (ZYMV-1 and -FL) low yields of 0-5-1-5 mg/100 g tissue. The yield of purified virus was positively correlated with the number of local lesions produced by inoculation of Chenopodium amaranticolor with extracts from infected zucchini leaf tissue. No serological differences were exhibited among the isolates in SDS-immunodiffusion tests. Results of ELISA tests indicated that ZYMV-FL differed from the other isolates and that antiserum to ZYMV-7 absorbed with ZYMV-FL failed to react with ZYMV-FL but retained some serological activity to ZYMV-7 and the other three Taiwanese isolates. The relative molecular masses of capsid proteins for the four ZYMV isolates from Taiwan and ZYMV-FL were similar.     

亚马逊黑土及其黑碳颗粒中的真菌丰度和多样性互不相同

Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) is a highly fertile soil of anthropogenic origin characterized by high levels of charred black carbon (BC).It is considered a model of fertility;however,knowledge on the fungal community structure and diversity inhabiting ADE and its BC particles is scarce.Fungal community structure and diversity of ADE and its BC from four sites under different land uses (three agricultural systems and a secondary pristine forest) in the Brazilian Central Amazon were evaluated by 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing.Fungal communities in ADE and BC were dissimilar and showed differential abundances of fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs).Estimated fungal species richness (abundance-based coverage estimate and Chao-1 index) and diversity estimators (Shannon and Simpson's reciprocal indices) were higher in ADE than in BC in all agricultural areas.No differences were observed in those parameters in ADE and BC samples from the secondary forest.Pezizomycotina fungi and OTUs assigned to Cordyceps confragosa,Acremonium vitellinum,Camarops microspora,and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were more abundant in BC particles than in ADE.These findings represent a breakthrough in our understanding of fungal communities in BC particles from ADE,and will be valuable in future studies considering biochar application in soil.     

Systematic granulomas caused by a rickettsia-like organism in Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan

Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism was observed in diseased Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan. Most affected fish were pale and lethargic with haemorrhages and ulcers on the skin. The most significant gross pathological changes were varying degrees of ascites, and enlargement of the spleen, kidney and liver. Marked white nodules (as ring-shaped foci), varying in size, were found in these organs. A Gram-negative, rickettsia-like organism (RLO) frequently appeared as inclusions or within host cell intra-cytoplasmic vacuoles. Fibrin thrombi, perivascular necrosis, chronic inflammatory cells with hypertrophy and RLO-laden cells were characteristic of the disease. White nodules induced in experimental fish were similar to naturally infected cases and RLOs were reisolated in tissue culture using a CHSE-214 cell line. This provides evidence that the systemic granulomas in Nile tilapia were caused by RLOs.     

IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF INTRATHORACIC HISTIOCYTIC SARCOMA IN DOGS

In this retrospective study, two observers independently reviewed thoracic imaging studies of 39 dogs with confirmed histiocytic sarcoma. The most common findings were intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, identified by the first and second observers in 82.1% and 87.2% of dogs, respectively, and pulmonary masses (74.4% and 82.1%). Right middle lung lobe masses were significantly more common than masses in any other lung lobe (P<0.0013), with the majority having a ventral distribution. Sternal and tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy were significantly more common than cranial mediastinal lymphadenopathy (P‐values of 0.0002 and 0.012, respectively). Interobserver agreement regarding distribution of lymphadenopathy and pulmonary masses was good (κ=0.64 and 0.75, respectively). Other findings included pulmonary nodules, pleural effusion, and abnormal pulmonary patterns. In patients with CT examinations, the majority of masses were mildly to moderately enhancing and heterogeneous, poorly marginated, and bronchocentric. Lymphadenopathy and pulmonary masses are the most common intrathoracic findings in dogs with histiocytic sarcoma, and the strong predilection for the ventral aspect of the right middle lung lube may help to differentiate it from other types of neoplasia.     

In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of shrimp chitosan against some intestinal bacteria

ABSTRACT:   The effects of shrimp chitosan with deacetylation degrees (DD) of 50%, 70% and 95% (DD50, DD70, DD95) on the growth of the intestinal bacteria were investigated in vitro in the laboratory media, and in vivo by an oral feeding test using hamsters as the animal model. The antibacterial activities of these chitosan products against one strain of pathogenic Clostridium perfringens and 13 strains of probiotics, including seven strains of Lactobacillus , and six strains of Bifidobacterium were evaluated. In vitro , the antibacterial activities of DD95 and DD70 were much higher than that of DD50. The strains of probiotics were more resistant to chitosan than the pathogen of C .  perfringens . The minimal lethal concentration for DD95 against C. perfringens was 250 p.p.m., whereas the survival percentages for most probiotics tested were above 90% for DD95 at 500 p.p.m. The animals were fed on either a control diet, or diets containing powdered chitosan instead of 5% cellulose in the control diet for 4 weeks. The cecal bacterial counts of total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and clostridia were similar for the control and experimental groups. The reasons for the differences in the antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo are discussed.