里山倡议及其在我国台湾地区的实践应用

“里山倡议”是透过农业生物多样性的保育，平衡生态环境、生产和生活文化，利用自然资源和传统文化知识，确保社会—生态生产地景的永续利用，建立人与自然的良性互动。文中以台湾地区林务局推动里山倡议概念中的“林下经济永续经营可行性之研究”为基础，梳理里山倡议在社会—生态生产地景的运作内容及框架；在实践过程中强调传统知识和现代技术的融合，对山林地景的保护、恢复及营造，借由城乡交流和互惠，以地景为尺度、社区为主体，透过培力(充权)社区参与自然资源经营，构建生态与生计共存的永续经营模式；总结台湾社区里山倡议的发展过程，跨地域整合及促进生态福祉的整体策略架构。     

Has bovine somatotropin (BST) an effect upon drug disposition? Comparative studies in goats and cattle with sulphadimidine and antipyrine after parenteral administration of BST,zeranol and proligestone

Daily subcutaneous BST injection in lactating cows, bulls and castrated male dwarf goats did not induce significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine (AP) and sulphadimidine (SDD). Similarly, no changes were obtained after injection of slow-release BST formulations in lactating cows and non-lactating female goats. In contrast to androgenic hormones, both zeranol and proligestone had no effect upon the disposition of AP and SDD, although both synthetic hormones did induce enhanced plasma somatotropin concentrations. In goats, metabolic effects induced by zeranol and BST included significant reductions in plasma urea values, whereas plasma creatinine levels were somewhat lower after daily BST administration.     

Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus

Three regions of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genome that have been widely sequenced were compared with respect to their ability to discriminate between isolates and to segregate viruses into genetic groups. Sequence data-sets were assembled for 55 CSFVs comprising 150 nucleotides of the 5' non-translated region, 190 nucleotides of the E2 envelope glycoprotein gene and 409 nucleotides of the NS5B polymerase gene. Phylogenetic analysis of each data-set revealed similar groups and subgroups. For closely related viruses, the more variable or larger data-sets gave better discrimination, and the most reliable classification was obtained with sequence data from the NS5B region. No evidence was found for intertypic recombination between CSFVs. A larger data-set was also analysed comprising 190 nucleotides of E2 sequence from 100 CSFVs from different parts of the world, in order to assess the extent and global distribution of CSFV diversity. Additional groups of CSFV are evident from Asia and the nomenclature of Lowings et al. (1996) [Lowings, P., Ibata, G., Needham, J., Paton, D., 1996. J. Gen. Virol. 77, 1311-1321] needs to be updated to accommodate these. A tentative assignment, adapting rather than overturning the previous nomenclature divides CSF viruses into three groups with three or four subgroups: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3; 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4. The expanding data-base of CSFV sequences should improve the prospects of disease tracing in the future, and provide a basis for a standardised approach to ensure that results from different laboratories are comparable.     

新化合物A04034、A04008对黄瓜白粉病的室内杀菌活性和田间药效研究

A04034、A04008和苯氧菌酯、嘧菌酯和肟菌酯等甲氧丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在盆栽试验中对黄瓜白粉病均表现出优异的保护和治疗活性。其中A04034表现出尤为卓越的杀菌活性,其对黄瓜白粉病的保护作用EC50、EC90为0.98μg/mL、3.12μg/mL,治疗作用EC50、EC90为1.17μg/mL、5.22μg/mL,其保护活性和治疗活性在5种药剂中均为最佳。田间药效试验中,10?4034悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2的剂量第3次施药后7d的防效分别为82.7%、89.3%、91.7%;25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效为84.0%;10?4008悬浮剂用5、10、20g.a.i/hm2第3次施药后7d的防效分别为73.2%、86.4%、86.5%。10?4034和10?4008悬浮剂用10g.a.i/hm2的防效均略高于25%嘧菌酯乳油(阿米西达)10g.a.i/hm2的防效,防效无显著差异。     

Influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass composition and liver lipid classes of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary protein levels on growth performance, carcass proximate composition and liver lipid classes of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi (Oshima), a cyprinid fish. White fish meal was the primary protein source in the study. Eight experimental diets containing 13–55% crude protein were fed to three replicate groups of six fish weighing nearly 8.5 g each for 10 weeks. Both percentage weight gain and feed efficiency ratio increased significantly with increasing dietary protein levels up to 31%, but there was no further increase for protein levels from 31% to 55%. Application of broken‐line regression analysis to the percentage weight gain provided an estimate of 32.7±1.5% dietary protein for maximum growth. The protein efficiency ratio and productive lipid value were inversely correlated with dietary protein level. The hepatosomatic index and the viscerosomatic index were also inversely related to dietary protein level. The carcass protein of fish fed lower protein diets was significantly lower than that of the fish fed higher protein diets. Carcass lipid content decreased with increasing dietary protein levels, whereas moisture was inversely related to lipid content. Both liver glycogen and liver lipid contents decreased with increasing dietary protein levels. Triglyceride was the major component in the liver lipid, and the amount of triglyceride deposited in the liver also decreased with dietary protein levels. The results indicated that both carcass proximate composition and liver lipid class of juvenile Spinibarbus hollandi were affected by dietary treatments.     

陕北黄土高原果树建设分区研究

根据陕北黄土高原的自然生态环境,果树生产现状和果树分区原则,将该区果树生产划分为北部神府海红果产区,毛乌素沙地酿酒、制汁葡萄产区,横山、白于山山区山杏、山桃产区,延河中下游商品苹果、梨产区,黄河沿岸优质红枣产区,中部、南部多种果树产区,洛川塬优质苹果产区7个区域,提出各区果树发展的主要方向、规模和发展措施。     

超高压处理对鲜切山药片质量的影响

为研究适宜的鲜切山药片的保藏方法,采用超高压处理对鲜切山药片进行保鲜。将鲜切山药片分别采用0MPa、200MPa、400MPa和600MPa加压处理10min后,在4℃条件下贮藏9d,分析超高压处理对贮藏期间鲜切山药片中细菌总数、多酚氧化酶活性、褐变指数、可溶性固形物、总酸和维生素C含量的影响。结果表明:600MPa压力处理10min后,可抑制于褐变相关的多酚氧化酶,抑制微生物生长,产品在4℃条件下贮藏9d后,仍然可具有较好的理化指标,表明该法是一种较好的鲜切山药片的保藏方法。     

Self-trapping of dark incoherent light beams

"Dark beams" are nonuniform optical beams that contain either a one-dimensional (1D) dark stripe or a two-dimensional (2D) dark hole resulting from a phase singularity or an amplitude depression in their optical field. Thus far, self-trapped dark beams (dark solitons) have been observed using coherent light only. Here, self-trapped dark incoherent light beams (self-trapped dark incoherent wavepackets) were observed. Both dark stripes and dark holes nested in a broad partially spatially incoherent wavefront were self-trapped to form dark solitons in a host photorefractive medium. These self-trapped 1D and 2D dark beams induced refractive-index changes akin to planar and circular dielectric waveguides. The experiments introduce the possibility of controlling high-power coherent laser beams with low-power incoherent light sources such as light emitting diodes.