生态猪养殖技术及发展趋势

近年来,社会的发展使人们的物质生活得到极大满足,人们更加追求生活的品质,对食物的需求也由"量"开始向"质"转变,同时科学技术也不断进步,这两者共同促进了生态养猪业的发展。本文主要讲述了生态猪养殖的重要意义,重点对生态猪养殖技术进行了分析,还对生态猪养殖技术的发展趋势做了说明,希望对生态猪养殖业的发展提供参考价值。     

Production of transgenic adult plants from clementine mandarin by enhancing cell competence for transformation and regeneration

Genetic transformation of mature trees is difficult because adult tissues are recalcitrant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection and transformation and because transgenic mature events are less competent for regeneration. We have shown that reinvigoration allows manipulation of the vegetative phase to increase the potential for transformation and regeneration without loss of competence for flowering and fruiting. To produce transgenic plants from clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka), we optimized the conditions of the source material both ex vitro and in vitro. Grafting of mature buds on juvenile rootstocks in the spring and preventing multiple bud sprouting by removing all but one bud permitted selection of vigorous first flushes for in vitro culture. Use of additional virulence genes from A. tumefaciens to increase transformation frequency and optimization of culture media and conditions to enhance explant cell competence for T-DNA integration and organogenesis resulted in efficient and reliable transgenic plant production. Transformed regenerants from explants, cultured in media without antibiotics, were identified by a screenable marker (either beta-glucuronidase or green fluorescent protein (GFP)), creating the possibility of generating transgenic clementine plants without antibiotic resistance marker genes. Stable integration of foreign genes was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis, and expression of these foreign genes was confirmed by detection of GFP fluorescence in leaves, floral organs and fruits of the transgenic plants.     

Antibacterial activity of fresh flower heads of Chrysantemum coronarium

The antibacterial activity of the methylene chloride and methanol extracts of Chrysantemum coronarium fresh flower heads was investigated. The methylene chloride extract showed discrete antimicrobial activity.     

Uleine and demethoxyaspidospermine from the bark of Plumeria lancifolia

The isolation of (+)-uleine (1) and (+)-demethoxyaspidospermine (2) from the bark of Plumeria lancifolia is reported along with (1)H- and (13)C-NMR data.     

Variations in growth, survival and carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) among Pinus pinaster populations of different geographic origins

To evaluate differences in growth and adaptability of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), we studied growth, polycyclism, needle tissue carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) as an estimate of water-use efficiency (WUE) and survival of seven populations at 10 years of age growing in a performance trial at a provenance test site in Escaroupim, Portugal. Six populations were from relatively high rainfall sites in Portugal and southwestern France (Atlantic group), and one population was from a more arid Mediterranean site in Spain. There were significant differences between some populations in total height, diameter at breast height, delta(13)C of bulk needle tissue, polycyclism and survival. A population from central Portugal (Leiria, on the Atlantic coast) was the tallest and had the lowest delta(13)C. Overall, the variation in delta(13)C was better explained by the mean minimum temperatures of the coldest month than by annual precipitation at the place of origin. Analyses of the relationships between delta(13)C and growth or survival revealed a distinct pattern for the Mediterranean population, with low delta(13)C (and WUE) associated with the lowest growth potential and reduced survival. There were significant negative correlations between delta(13)C and height or survival in the Atlantic group. Variation in polycyclism was correlated with annual precipitation at the place of origin. Some Atlantic populations maintained a high growth potential while experiencing moderate water stress. A detailed knowledge of the relationships between growth, survival and delta(13)C in contrasting environments will enhance our ability to select populations for forestry or conservation.     

Trypanocidal activity of extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa

Crude extracts and fractions of Bertholletia excelsa stem barks were tested for trypanocidal activity. Acetone and methanol extracts showed significant in vitro trypanocidal activity against trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi since in the concentration of 500 microg/ml, the parasites were reduced in 100% and 90.3% respectively, whereas the triterpene betulinic acid pure isolated from hexane extract presented 75.4%.     

Effects of two iron sources on iron and cadmium allocation in poplar (Populus alba) plants exposed to cadmium

Effects of 10 microM cadmium (supplied as Cd nitrate) on the utilization and allocation of iron (Fe) were investigated in poplar (Populus alba L.) plants grown in nutrient solution with Fe(III)-EDTA or Fe(III)-citrate as the Fe source. The effects of Cd were also compared with those of Fe deprivation. The accumulation of Fe in roots was 10-fold higher in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA. Cadmium decreased leaf chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic rates, and these decreases were more marked in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA. In both Fe treatments, addition of Cd caused large increases in root and shoot apoplasmic and non-apoplasmic Cd contents and increases in root Fe content; however, Cd decreased shoot Fe content, especially in plants grown with Fe-citrate. New leaves of plants grown with Fe-citrate had small cellular (non-apoplasmic) Fe pools, whereas these pools were large in new leaves of plants grown with Fe-EDTA. Non-apoplasmic Cd pools in new leaves were smaller in plants grown with Fe-citrate than with Fe-EDTA, indicating that inactivation of non-apoplasmic Cd pools is facilitated more by Fe-EDTA than by Fe-citrate. In the presence of Cd, Fe-EDTA was also superior to Fe-citrate in maintaining an adequate Fe supply to poplar shoots. Differences in plant responses to Fe-EDTA and Fe-citrate may reflect differences in long-distance transport of Fe rather than in acquisition of Fe by roots.     

不同水稻品种在布隆迪的适应性研究

[目的]探讨我国不同水稻品种在布隆迪不同生态点的种植表现,筛选适宜当地种植的水稻新品种,为我国水稻新品种、新技术在非洲的推广应用提供理论参考和技术指导.[方法]采用多点鉴定的方式,以布隆迪水稻品种V18为对照,对我国7个水稻品种的生育期、产量、产量构成要素及抗病性等进行评价与鉴定.同时,利用布隆迪水稻品种V18和TOX,以当地传统大田种植方式为对照,进行不同栽培模式研究.[结果]在生育期方面,与对照V18相比,IMBO试验基地桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的生育期较短,MOSO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571和特优831的生育期较短,两地均表现为多数参试品种比对照V18趋向于早熟.在产量方面,IMBO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优63、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的产量分别较对照V18增产18.97%、24.14%、25.86%、50.00%、31.03%、29.31%和24.14%;MOSO试验基地桂丰2号、桂育7号、特优649、特优7571、特优831和新香占的产量分别较对照V18增产37.04%、29.63%、14.81%、33.33%、33.33%和33.33%.抗病性鉴定结果表明,特优63、特优649和特优7571的综合抗病性较强.栽培模式试验结果表明,以实际产量为选择依据,插秧行间距20 cm×15 cm是较适合TOX品种的种植方式,插秧行间距20 cm×20 cm是较适宜V18品种的种植模式.[结论]综合产量、品质和抗病性等因素,筛选出适宜布隆迪种植的水稻品种特优649和特优7571.此外,采用适宜的栽培方式可有效提高布隆迪水稻产量.     

Genetic Diversity of Peanut Core Collection from US Using Simple Sequence Repeats

Groundnut is a member of genus Arachis and the crop is divided into two subspecies and six botanical varieties based on morphological characteristics （Krapovickas and Gregory, 1994）. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics （ICRISAT） holds more than 14 000 groundnut accessions from which a core collection of 1 704 have been developed （Upadhyaya et al., 2003）. Holdbrook et al. （1993） developed a groundnut core collection of 831 accessions from a total of 7 432 US groundnut accessions based on morphological characteristics. The large number and variability of accessions in GenBanks create problems in knowing which germplasm to select for breeding purpose. Only a few established cultivars and elite breeding lines have been utilised in breeding programmes. A core collection is a fraction of accessions from the entire collection which represent most of the available genetic diversity of the species. A core collection can extensively be evaluated and information derived from them can be applied to the whole collection. Identification of DNA markers associated with the botanical varieties of groundnut would be useful in genotyping, germplasm management and evolutionary studies.     

利用SSR标记分析栽培种花生多态性及亲缘关系

利用11对SSR引物对24个花生栽培品种（包括四大类型）进行PCR扩增分析，其中4对检测到明显的多态性，共检测到33个等位基因变异，每一个位点上检测到的等位变异数为5～13个，平均为8.25个。根据扩增结果可以将24个品种中的21个相互区分。供试品种间的遗传相似系数值在0.2～1.0之间，平均为0.4788。根据UPGMA聚类分析结果,供试