抗、感玉米粗缩病材料对灰飞虱的趋性及生存力影响的研究

通过网棚内人工接种1叶1心至11叶1心期的3份抗玉米粗缩病自交系材料(DB544、沈137、90110)和3份感粗缩病玉米自交系材料(掖107、掖478、5003),调查其发病率,明确了抗病材料7叶前的抗病性与7叶后一致,感病材料7叶后的抗病性比7叶前要强;由此认为,玉米苗期为研究抗、感玉米粗缩病材料对灰飞虱的趋性及生存力影响的适宜时期。进而研究了相同环境条件下,网箱或网罩内灰飞虱在抗、感玉米材料上的落虫数和灰飞虱在上述6份材料上饲养死亡50%的时间。结果显示:灰飞虱对抗、感玉米粗缩病材料的趋性以及灰飞虱在抗病材料和感病材料上的生存力差异均不显著,认为玉米对粗缩病的抗性不是通过抗传毒介体灰飞虱而实现的。     

玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

玉米粗缩病抗性遗传研究

 本文选用3个抗病自交系(齐319、X178、沈137)和3个感病自交系(掖107、掖478、沈5003)按照NCII交配设计配制9套杂交组合研究了玉米抗粗缩病遗传规律。2009-2010年在曲阳、保定采用田间自然发病方法鉴定亲本、F₁、F₂群体的玉米粗缩病抗性,并采用灰飞虱人工接种方法鉴定亲本材料的抗病性。运用QGA station 软件的加性-显性-上位性(ADAA)遗传模型进行数据分析,结果表明,显性效应和加性效应是控制玉米粗缩病抗性的主要遗传组分,分别占表型变异的44.8%和13.1%,杂合显性效应表现负向杂种优势,抗病育种可加以利用。加性×加性上位性效应在玉米自交系和杂交组合抗粗缩病遗传中普遍存在,但因材料不同而表现负向或正向效应。玉米粗缩病抗性易受环境影响,显性与环境互作效应方差占表型方差的比率为39.8%,达到极显著水平。因此,培育抗粗缩病玉米品种应依据基因型选配适当的亲本材料,抗病品种宜进行多年多点鉴定筛选。     

河北省小麦土传病害的发生现状及防治措施

小麦土传病害是严重影响小麦产量的根部病害。河北省小麦土传病害的种类主要包括小麦全蚀病、小麦纹枯病和小麦根腐病。详细介绍了3种土传病害的发生特点、病原菌特点及防治方法等,旨为控制小麦土传病害的发生提供参考。     

玉米粗缩病发病叶龄与主要为害性状的相关性分析

对玉米粗缩病进行了系统的田间调查,分析了发病叶龄与玉米粗缩病主要为害性状的关系。结果表明：玉米在其生育期内均可感病,发病越早,病情越重,9叶期后发病症状显著减轻。发病叶龄与玉米粗缩病的严重度（r=-0．938,P〈0．01）、株高（r=0．884,P〈0．01）、穗粒重（r=-0．823,P〈0．01）密切相关。     

简便易行的玉米粗缩病严重度分级标准

报道了一种简便易行的0～4级玉米粗缩病严重度分级标准。该标准以病害典型症状为依据,经产量指标验证,证明该标准准确、简便、可操作性强。     

灰飞虱传播的一种小麦病毒病鉴定

 在实验室中利用灰飞虱接种小麦时出现一种新的病毒病症状,鉴定表明其病原为大麦黄条点花叶病毒(Barley yellow striate mosaic virus, BYSMV)。采用生物学测定、电镜观察、RT-PCR检测和序列分析的方法,明确了该病毒的粒体特性、危害症状及田间发生情况。接种试验表明该病毒通过灰飞虱传播,接种7~10 d后小麦新生叶片出现黄色斑点、斑驳,继而发展成黄色条纹,叶片对生且细而窄,重病株新叶扭曲,叶鞘不能伸长,病株矮化。对小麦病叶超薄切片电镜观察,发现细胞质中存在大量弹状病毒粒子,病毒粒体大小为（315~353）nm×（46~57） nm。利用特异性引物从病株总RNA中扩增出 565 bp基因片段,序列同源性分析显示与大麦黄条点花叶病毒(Barley yellow striate mosaic virus, BYSMV) Zanjan-1分离物聚合酶（L）基因对应序列的一致性为97 %,与北方禾谷花叶病毒(Northern cereal mosaic virus, NCMV) L基因对应序列的一致性为78 %~79 %。对采自河北邯郸、石家庄、保定、唐山的31株样品进行RT-PCR检测,25株检测到BYSMV,7株检测到水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Rice black streaked dwarf virus,RBSDV),其中5株为2种病毒复合侵染,结果表明BYSMV的田间分布较广。系统发育分析表明BYSMV-Lab/TS/ZX/QY 4个分离物与本研究的BYSMV亲缘关系密切。BYSMV是我国小麦上新发现的一种弹状病毒,并已形成危害,暂定名为小麦黄条纹矮缩病,应加强流行动态监测。     

中国玉米杂交优势群主要种质抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定

为明确中国玉米杂交优势群的抗玉米粗缩病性,加快玉米抗粗缩病育种进程,对中国玉米种质改良Reid、Lancaster、四平头、旅大红骨四大杂交优势群及其他杂优群的代表性骨干自交系抗粗缩病性进行了研究。结果表明:改良Reid群的抗性表现接近高感,平均病指为39.77;旅大红骨杂优群抗性表现感病,平均病指为29.82;Lancaster、四平头杂优群的抗粗缩病性较差,平均病指分别为22.62、23.11。其他杂优群中美P群选系抗性表现突出,六个参加鉴定系平均病指为6.89。今后玉米抗粗缩病育种应重视美P群材料的利用,利用模式应为四平头杂优群×美P群材料选系和Lancaster杂优群×美P群材料选系。     

灰飞虱冬季室内人工饲养中饲料植物病虫害防治初报

冬季室内人工饲养灰飞虱时,良好的饲料植物是保障灰飞虱正常生长、繁殖的重要前提。针对冬季室内饲养中饲料植物常发生白粉病,偶尔混有蚜虫的问题,进行了饲料植物选择与病虫防治试验。结果表明,健壮无病、具有一定茎秆的小麦和稗草苗适于成虫取食、产卵和卵的孵化;幼嫩小麦苗和稗草不仅是灰飞虱若虫喜食的饲料,还可以有效控制白粉病的发生;喷施20%三唑酮乳油可有效控制小麦白粉病的发生;对饲养过程中混杂的小麦蚜虫,应在移虫箱内利用灰飞虱的趋光特性及时进行人工精心挑选去除。