Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

青冈栎林分空间结构对林下更新的影响

林分空间结构会显著影响其林下幼树更新。为明确其影响林下幼树更新的关键因子,以湖南省青羊湖国有林场青冈栎林天然次生林为研究对象,测量幼树株数密度、树高、地径和冠幅,计算混交度、大小比数、开敞度指数以及聚集指数代表林分空间结构,评价林下幼树更新情况,并用灰色关联度分析方法探究两者间的相关关系。结果表明,青羊湖国有林场13块青冈栎林样地林下更新幼树有6种,分属于4科5属,分别是青冈栎、苦槠、多脉青冈、南酸枣、黄檀、马尾松,青冈栎在更新幼树中占明显优势,是优势树种,幼树重要值为63.09%。青冈栎林各林分空间结构指数与林下更新指数均大于0.5,关联度较高,综合所有林分空间结构指数对林下更新指数关联度的均值来看,对林下更新的影响由大到小为大小比数>开敞度>聚集指数>混交度,大小比数对青冈栎林下更新影响最为显著。在促进青冈栎天然次生林林下更新时,应以调整林木大小分化程度为主,综合考虑林木空间分布格局的调整方案。     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

Bilateral intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy using 3-dimensional laparoscopy in a dog

A 7-month-old, intact male, mixed breed dog with bilateral inguinal hernias underwent general anesthesia for laparoscopic bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy via a 3-port approach. A 3-dimensional laparoscopic system was used to perform the procedure immediately following prescrotal open castration. Intracorporeal suturing with polypropylene was performed, and 2 cruciate sutures were placed to close each inguinal ring. The caudal aspect of each inguinal ring was left slightly open so as not to disrupt the passage or patency of vessels and nerves. No intra- or post-operative complications occurred. One year after surgery, the dog has no evidence of recurrence of the inguinal hernias.Key clinical message:This case report demonstrates a novel minimally invasive approach to inguinal herniorrhaphy in a dog with no reported complications and a good long-term outcome. Intracorporeally sutured inguinal herniorrhaphy is feasible in dogs with good results, although additional cases are needed to gain experience with this technique in dogs with varying presentations of inguinal hernias.     

近五年我国进口巴西棉花质量分析

根据近五年实验室检测大数据,分析我国进口巴西棉花品质指标的主体范围,总结不同主体指标各等级分布情况及变化趋势.结果 表明,巴西棉花的品级、长度和马克隆值合同品质符合率高,但不同指标不同时间段品质符合率略有偏差.综合认为:近五年巴西棉花品质一致性好,主体品质占比大,主体指标范围品质符合率高.     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

县域尺度下景观指数的粒度效应

  目的  尺度的合理确定是景观格局和生态研究过程的关键。研究县域尺度下景观指数的粒度效应，并计算景观指数的适宜粒度范围对分析景观格局变化具有重要意义。  方法  以2017年安徽省宿松县的景观分布图为数据源，从类型和景观水平分析了各个景观指数在20~500 m粒度范围内的粒度效应，并选取适宜的粒度范围；通过拟合函数揭示不同景观格局指数随粒度增大的变化特征；结合景观面积损失精度评价模型确定宿松县景观格局变化的最适宜空间粒度值。  结果  景观指数具有一定的空间粒度效应性，其中大部分景观指数的可预测性强，但景观总面积、平均面积分维数、平均形状指数、Simpson多样性、Simpson均匀度指数对空间粒度响应不敏感；景观指数的粒度效应曲线可分为单调递减、单调递增、无变化、复杂变化4种类型；景观指数的拐点主要集中在70和200 m；在景观水平下景观指数粒度效应曲线拟合后的函数主要为幂函数，且拟合程度高。  结论  宿松县景观格局变化的适宜粒度为100~110 m，最佳粒度为100 m。图3表1参27     

水稻3-磷脂酰肌醇激酶FAB1/PIKfyve基因家族的鉴定及功能分析

FAB1/PIKfyve是催化3-磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PtdIns3P)形成3,5-二磷酸磷脂酰肌醇(PtdIns(3,5)P2)过程的关键酶,其产物PtdIns(3,5)P2在真核细胞发育中发挥重要功能.为探寻PtdIns(3,5)P2在水稻生殖发育过程中的功能,本研究结合生物信息学和遗传学方法,对水稻FAB1/PIKfyve基因进行鉴定,分析其理化性质、基因结构、保守结构域、系统进化、顺式作用元件和组织表达模式并利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得osfab1b突变体.生物信息学分析结果显示,水稻基因组中共鉴定到9个FAB1基因家族成员;基因结构分析显示FAB1家族基因结构存在差异,外显子数量为8～12个;保守结构域分析表明仅OsFAB1A和OsFAB1B含有N端FYVE结构域,其余成员具有Cpn60_TCP1结构域和PIPKc激酶结构域;系统进化分析提示FAB1家族功能在单双子叶植物中具有高度保守性;FAB1基因上游调控区域顺式元件预测发现多种生长发育相关、光响应以及激素和胁迫响应顺式元件;组织表达模式分析显示大多数FAB1基因为泛表达,其中FAB1C亚类基因在内外稃中的高表达提示其可能参与花器官发育.最后通过CRISPR/Cas9系统得到osfab1b突变体,经碘染观察花粉活力无明显异常,暗示FAB1家族在水稻生殖发育调控中存在功能冗余.本研究结果为单子叶模式植物水稻中磷脂酰肌醇调控网络及其生物学功能的研究提供了理论参考.