Root distribution patterns of peanut genotypes with different drought resistance levels under early‐season drought stress

Drought severely limits crop yield of peanut. Yet cultivars with enhanced root development enable the exploration of a greater volume of soil for water and nutrients, helping the plant survive. Root distribution patterns of three genotypes (ICGV 98305, ICGV 98324 and Tifton‐8) were compared when grown in well‐watered rhizoboxes and when grown in rhizoboxes where an early‐season drought was imposed using rain‐exclusion shelters. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications, and the experiment was conducted during two seasons at the Field Crop Research Station of Khon Kaen University, in Khon Kaen, Thailand. The root system of ICGV 98305, when grown under drought, had a significantly higher root length in the 30–110 cm deep soil layers and less roots in the 0–30 cm soil layers when under drought than when grown under well‐watered conditions. Roots of Tifton‐8 had the largest reductions in root length in upper soil layer and reduced in most soil layers. Tifton‐8 grown under drought was smaller than under well‐watered control for all root traits, showing negative response to drought. The peanut genotypes with high root traits in deeper soil layer under early‐season drought might contribute to drought avoidance mechanism.     

Site‐specific management is crucial to managing Mikania micrantha

Increasingly, weeds have been taking on global distributions. With the proliferation of invasive weeds has come the challenge of managing these species over broad geographical regions, with diverse habitats and political jurisdictions. Here, we review the management of Mikania micrantha Kunth (Asteraceae; mile‐a‐minute) throughout its invaded range, extending through most of the Pacific islands and southern and south‐east Asia. Context matters when determining the best course of action for managing M. micrantha, as it has invaded a large variety of agricultural and natural systems. In Queensland, Australia and Florida, USA, M. micrantha has been targeted in relatively successful eradication campaigns, highlighting the importance of early detection and rapid response methods, while elsewhere in its invaded range, populations are either still increasing or showing limited signs of decline. An inter‐regional approach to research and management should incorporate successful management strategies employed throughout the invaded range including, but not limited to, chemical and cultural control practices, manual and mechanical control, classical biological control using the rust fungus Puccinia spegazzinii, plant–plant competition and integrated approaches utilising two or more control methods concurrently. Additional knowledge of M. micrantha genetics is required to determine if management approaches could be fine‐tuned for particular populations. Countries bordering the Mekong River formed a network in 2011 to co‐ordinate the management of invasive species such as M. micrantha. Expanding such a collaborative approach to other regions could further reduce populations of M. micrantha and limit its spread.     

抑制肠道气呼吸大鳞副泥鳅主要呼吸器官的组织病理

为了阐明肠道气呼吸对泥鳅的生理作用,本研究通过抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸,探究其主要呼吸器官的组织病理变化。结果显示,被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅通常在1周左右死亡。当被抑制肠道气呼吸的大鳞副泥鳅出现垂死时,采集对照组和实验组的鳃、皮肤、前肠、中肠、后肠以及直肠进行苏木素—伊红(H.E)染色、阿利新蓝—高碘酸雪夫氏(AB-PAS)染色组织切片观察和扫描电镜观察,主要的病理变化:①H.E染色结果显示实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝末端充血,背部皮肤表皮层的毛细血管收缩并减少,且真皮层细胞呈畸形,前肠黏膜褶膨大,后肠浆膜层有血红细胞渗出,后肠、直肠结缔组织显著增厚;②AB-PAS染色结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃、背部皮肤、后肠、直肠组织中嗜酸性空泡细胞均增多,前肠和中肠固有层酸性黏蛋白含量增多,黏膜下层中性黏蛋白含量减少;③扫描电镜结果显示,实验组大鳞副泥鳅鳃丝鳃小片表面皱缩,表皮受损脱落,背部皮肤表面分泌孔增加,中肠内腔表面突起增多,后肠和直肠絮状颗粒增多。研究表明,抑制大鳞副泥鳅肠道气呼吸会引发其主要呼吸器官上皮组织出现黏液细胞增多、血红细胞溢出等病理变化,甚至导致机体死亡,由此可知,肠道气呼吸行为是大鳞副泥鳅的必要生理活动。本研究将为大鳞副泥鳅的健康养殖及幼苗培育提供新的参考。     

Early stages of Margaritifera margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon: Morphopathological characterization

Freshwater mussels of the order Unionida encyst into the fish mucosa to metamorphose and complete their life cycle, causing a parasitic disease known as glochidiosis. This parasitic stage represents a bottleneck for the survival of naiads, particularly for critically endangered species as Margaritifera margaritifera; however, little is known about the events occurring during this critical stage. Therefore, this study aimed to histologically characterize the development of M. margaritifera glochidiosis in Atlantic salmon to get insight into the pathogenesis of this interaction. Fish exposed to glochidia were sampled during the first 44 days post-exposure, and organs were observed by stereomicroscopy and light microscopy. Glochidia attached to the gills by pinching the lamellar epithelium, whereupon an acute proliferative branchitis engulfed most of the larvae. However, during the first 14 days, a severe detachment of unviable glochidia occurred, associated with the presence of pleomorphic inflammatory infiltrate and epithelial degeneration. In the cases where larvae remained attached, a chronification of the lesions with none to scarce inflammation was observed. These results provide key information to better understand the complex host–parasite interaction during the early stages of glochidiosis and provide valuable information to optimize artificial rearing of naiads in conservation of threatened freshwater mussel populations.     

Soil-Sedimentary Record of the Holocene Environment. Tell Yunacite,Bulgaria

Eurasian Soil Science - A method of the Holocene paleoenvironment reconstruction based on the analysis of pedobiomarkers in tell deposits is suggested. On the Yunacite tell, such a reconstruction...     

Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Soils of the Baikal Region

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of studying stable carbon isotopes of the organic matter of Late Pleistocene and Holocene soils of the Baikal region are presented. The δ13С values in...     

Monoammonium Phosphate Effects on Glyphosate in Soils: Mobilization,Phytotoxicity, and Alteration of the Microbial Community

Eurasian Soil Science - Application of monoammonium phosphate has been demonstrated to re-immobilize glyphosate sorbed by soil under model laboratory experiment conditions. This effect was most...     

Assessment of the Impact of No-Till and Conventional Tillage Technologies on the Microbiome of Southern Agrochernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Quantitative characteristics of microbial communities in southern agrochernozems of the Stavropol region managed with the use of no-till technology and moldboard plowing...