钾钙镁营养对香蕉产量、品质及贮藏性的影响

香蕉是嗜K作物,养分需求最大的4种元素为KNCaMg,而K、Ca、Mg三者间存在交互作用。本文研究了不同K、Ca、Mg营养条件下香蕉产量、品质及其贮藏性的变化,结果表明:适量配施K、Ca、Mg肥能有效促进香蕉果实的生长发育,提高香蕉果实品质及产量;有效降低香蕉果皮多酚氧化酶活性、果皮丙二醛含量和果肉淀粉酶活性,减少贮藏过程中的重量损失,延缓香蕉果实的衰老进程,提高香蕉果实的耐贮藏性。在广东省高州市香蕉产区,为实现香蕉高产优质耐贮藏,适宜施肥量为K2O990kg·hm-2,Mg37.5kg·hm-2,Ca90.0kg·hm-2。     

A Recessive Lesion Mimic Mutant of Rice with Elevated Resistance to Fungal Pathogens

A gamma-ray-induced rice mutant, M1009, which spontaneously forms brown specks on leaves was isolated. In appearance, these lesions very much resemble those that are produced during the hypersensitive resistance response of rice to pathogens. A similar phenotype has been associated with a number of mutants in maize or Arabidopsis, which have been briefly categorized as disease lesion mimics. Brown speck formation was suppressed at temperatures of 25°C and above, and was severe at 20°C. Light irradiation is also required to initiate brown specks. In addition, the mutant exhibits heightened resistance to two major fungal pathogens of rice, Magnaporthe grisea and Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Genetic characterization of the mutant has indicated that its les-bs (lesion-brown speck) phenotype segregates as a monogenic recessive mutation. Received 13 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 15 December 1999     

Review of rice in Korea: current status,future prospects,and comparisons with rice in other countries

Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology - Rice has been grown as a staple food in South Korea for several millennia. However, its status has not stayed constant as a result of changes in South...     

Detection and isolation of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus circulated in Korea during 2002-2004

Although winter dysentery (WD) has been suspected to occur frequently in Korea, to date the exact epidemiology of WD has remained unknown. Therefore, we investigated the causative agents of WD by using electron microscopy, ELISA, RT-PCR, and nested PCR from 97 fecal samples of 32 WD-affected herds collected from 8 provinces during 2002-2004. The bovine coronavirus (BoCV) was consistently detected in all herds with WD. Of other pathogens, only coccidian oocyts were inconsistently but concurrently detected with BoCV. Ten isolates were identified as BoCV by immune electron microscope, immunofluorescent test and ELISA with antiserum to BoCV, and RT-PCR. From these results, it is concluded that WD caused by BoCV occurred in relatively high frequency and was widespread in Korea. The results provide important epidemiological data for the control and establishment of a surveillance system for WD in Korea.     

有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响

在广州市蔬菜集约化种植区连续进行了6茬菜心试验,探讨有机肥施用模式[施无机肥(CK)、无机肥配施国产生物有机肥(BM)、无机肥配施腐殖酸(HA)、无机肥配合淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(BSP)、无机肥配施腐殖酸并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(HA+BSP)、无机肥配施水沤腐熟鸡粪并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(CM+BSP)、无机肥配施复合芽孢杆菌剂堆沤腐熟鸡粪(BSPCM)]对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响。结果表明,不同茬别菜心产量差别较大。连续6茬试验中,CM+BSP处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于CK处理,BSPCM处理菜心产量仅次于CM+BSP处理。BM、CM+BSP、BSPCM处理能提高土壤pH,降低连作土壤的酸化风险。随着种植茬数的增加,CM+BSP处理土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总数持续增加,显著高于原始土壤和其他施肥处理,BSPCM处理次之。CK处理土壤中细菌、真菌及微生物总量均比原始土壤下降。在连作菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量水沤腐熟鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂,不但可提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,有利于减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

广西和福建荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广西壮族自治区及福建省荔枝主产区采集210 个荔枝园土壤样本, 检测了甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏等9 种荔枝常用农药的含量。结果显示, 多菌灵是广西和福建荔枝园土壤最常检出的农药, 检出率分别为48.1%和84.0%。广西荔枝产区土壤代森锰锌、敌百虫和乐果均未检出, 其他5 种农药检出率均低于10%。福建荔枝产区甲霜灵和氯氰菊酯检出率均为24.0%, 其他6 种农药均未检出。广西荔枝产区土壤未检出或只检出1 种农药荔枝园分别占采样荔枝园的48.6%和38.4%, 福建荔枝产区分别占56.0%和8.0%; 检出2 种农药的广西荔枝园占11.4%,福建占32.0%。广西荔枝园土壤平均含量最高的农药为氯氰菊酯(5.0 μg·kg^-1), 敌敌畏次之(1.9 μg·kg^-1), 其他4 种检出农药不超过1.0 μg·kg^-1。福建荔枝园土壤平均含量为多菌灵(0.77 μg·kg^-1)>甲霜灵(0.65 μg·kg^-1)>氯氰菊酯(0.48μg·kg^-1)。虽然福建荔枝园土壤农药残留比广西普遍, 但两地荔枝园土壤农药残留仍属轻微。     

水稻核不育系柱头性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

柱头性状是影响水稻不育系异交繁殖和杂交水稻制种产量的重要性状。为创制长柱头、高外露率的水稻温敏核不育系提供遗传信息,调查了短柱头、低外露率的粳型光温敏核不育系7001S和长柱头、高外露率的温敏核不育系紫泰S及其杂交、自交获得的F_1、F_2群体(350个株系)和F_2:3群体(320个株系)的4个柱头性状,分析了4个性状之间的相关性,并运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对2个世代4个性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明,4个柱头性状间均表现出极显著正相关,相关系数介于0.262和0.895之间。柱头长度、花柱长度、柱头和花柱总长度(以下简称柱花总长度)均表现出受2对主效基因和微效基因共同控制,除F_2群体中柱花总长度的2对主基因表现为等加性效应和等显性效应外,其余均表现为加性-显性-上位性效应,3个性状均表现出以主基因间的上位性效应为主;F_2群体柱头外露率受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+多基因控制,而F_2:3群体则表现为受1对加性-显性主基因+多基因控制,以主基因间的加性效应为主。2个世代中的4个柱头性状均以主基因遗传为主。     

施用含洛克沙胂鸡粪对蔬菜生长及砷累积的影响

为了明确鸡粪中的洛克沙胂对蔬菜生长及砷累积的影响,通过盆栽试验,以施用不含洛克沙胂的鸡粪为对照,考察菜心、萝卜、生菜及茼蒿4种蔬菜施用含洛克沙胂鸡粪后不同收获时期的生物量及砷累积量。结果显示,4种蔬菜的生物量、地上部砷含量及全株砷的吸收总量均随着生长时间的延长而提高,但根系砷含量却随着生长时间的延长而降低;在相同的采收时期,与对照相比,施用含洛克沙胂的鸡粪对菜心、生菜及茼蒿地上部及根系的生物量有降低作用,而对萝卜地上部及根系生物量则有一定提高作用,但不存在显著性差异;与对照相比,施用含洛克沙胂鸡粪对4种蔬菜地上部砷含量、根系砷含量及全株砷的总吸收量均有提高或者显著提高的作用;在最终收获期含洛克沙胂鸡粪处理4种蔬菜地上部砷含量分别较对照提高10.53%、5.56%、11.11%及11.11%,地下部砷含量分别提高52.94%、46.67%、39.22%及28.00%,全株砷的总吸收量分别提高7.07%、30.88%、15.25%及5.57%。结果表明,鸡粪中的洛克沙胂对蔬菜生长具有一定影响,但对不同品种蔬菜有不同的体现,且鸡粪中的洛克沙胂均能提高蔬菜各部位的砷吸收及累积,食用同等量最终收获期的4种蔬菜(可食用部位),含洛克沙胂鸡粪处理可比对照分别增加10.53%、46.67%、11.11%和11.11%砷摄入量。该结果为禽畜粪中洛克沙胂对蔬菜生长的影响提供数据支持,对以含洛克沙胂的禽畜粪作为肥料的农作物食用安全性提供一定科学依据。     

连续施用鸡、鸽粪对菜心产量与品质的影响

根据鸡、鸽粪含氮量计算其用量[0～225kg(N)·hm-2]进行连续4茬菜心田间试验,研究施用鸡粪和鸽粪对菜心产量和品质的影响.与单施无机肥处理相比,鸡、鸽粪单施或与无机肥配施均降低第1、3茬菜心产量,提高第2茬产量;第4茬除单施鸡粪和低量鸽粪配施处理外,其他所有处理菜心产量均有提高.单施最高量鸡、鸽类处理和低量鸡、鸽粪配施处理降低第1茬菜心硝酸盐含量,高量配施处理含量提高;第2～4茬所有施用鸡粪和鸽粪处理均可提高菜心硝酸盐含量,整体上硝酸盐含量随鸡、鸽粪用量增加而提高.施用鸡、鸽粪对第1茬菜心维生素C含量影响不大,降低第2和第4茬含量,却提高第3茬含量.4茬施用鸡、鸽粪处理均降低菜心可溶糖含量.