筇竹种子发芽条件及筇竹笋矿质元素分析

筇竹为珍稀笋材两用混生竹,具有较高的经济价值。本研究对筇竹种子进行不同温度和光照条件的萌发实验,并培育实生苗发笋后,利用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了3个不同出土高度(2 cm,5 cm,8 cm)的筇竹笋中8种矿质元素的含量。实验结果显示,最适宜筇竹种子萌发的条件是20℃,12 h光照/12 h黑暗,但25℃和暗处理更能促进胚根伸长。不同生长时期的筇竹笋钾含量丰富(6521.13~7405.24 mg·kg-1),其次是钠(625.56~814.83 mg·kg-1),铜含量最低(6.86~9.62 mg·kg-1)。筇竹笋的钾、钠含量随高度的增高逐渐下降,而钙、铁、铜、锰含量逐渐升高,锌含量变化呈中峰优势,镁含量基本保持不变。研究为筇竹种子萌发及笋品质提升提供了参考。     

残塬沟壑区果园复合种植对土壤动物群落特征的影响

为了解苹果复合种植即果-蔬[MB]、果-草[MH]、果-荒[MW]、果-粮[MZ]模式下土壤动物群落结构特征,采用手拣法和改良干、湿生漏斗法,对黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园4种复合种植模式下的土壤动物群落组成及特征进行调查研究。4种模式下共分离得到土壤动物57.33百只/m~2,隶属4门11纲23目42个类群。4种复合种植模式下土壤动物个体密度和类群数的垂直分布特征表现出明显的表聚特征,水平分布特征表现为果-草[MH]果-蔬[MB]果-荒[MW]≥果-粮[MZ]。果-草[MH]复合种植模式下土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数最高,优势度指数最低,表明4种复合种植模式对果园土壤动物类群多样性的影响呈现不同的特征。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区苹果果园生物多样性保护提供土壤动物生态学依据。     

覆盖作物翻压对华北平原春玉米产量和土壤养分的影响

冬季覆盖作物-春玉米种植模式是减缓华北平原冬小麦减少导致的耕地裸露及其环境影响的新型农业生产方式,但其翻压后对华北平原下一季春玉米生长季作物产量和土壤养分及微生物学性质的影响研究鲜见。本研究以华北平原冬闲田-玉米(WFM)为对照,设置毛叶苕子-玉米(VrM)、二月兰-玉米(OvM)以及冬油菜-玉米(BcM)3个覆盖作物处理,通过盆栽试验研究了冬季种植覆盖作物翻压对玉米生长季土壤理化性质、微生物量和玉米生长特性的影响。结果表明:(1)翻压覆盖作物显著提高了玉米产量以及作物养分吸收量。与WFM处理相比,OvM处理秸秆产量和籽粒产量提高幅度最大,分别为33.3%和35.5%(P0.05);BcM处理地上部氮、磷、钾和地下部磷素吸收量显著提高(P0.05),分别为30.7%、74.7%、57.6%和171.4%。(2)翻压覆盖作物能显著提高0～10和10～20 cm土层有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮和全钾含量(P0.05)。此外,翻压覆盖作物能显著降低玉米幼苗期土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量(P0.05),范围为0.50～3.52和21.40～33.13mg·kg~(-1)。(3)在玉米的不同生育期,覆盖作物翻压处理的SMBC、SMBN和SMBP均显著高于冬闲处理(P0.05)。综合翻压覆盖作物对华北平原玉米产量及土壤理化性质和微生物量含量的影响,华北平原冬油菜-玉米和二月兰-玉米轮作模式效果较好。     

马铃薯细菌多样性解析及促生高产 IAA菌株的筛选

采用 3种不同的培养基从马铃薯根际土壤和叶片中共分离出 78株细菌，优势菌属是 Pantoea，占菌株总数的 55.13%。马铃薯根际土采用 R2A培养基(27株优势菌，13个菌属)分离的细菌多样性相对较好，阿须贝培养基(31株优势菌，9个菌属)次之，土壤浸提液培养基(1株优势菌，1个菌属)最少；马铃薯叶片内生菌用阿须贝培养基(19株优势菌，3个菌属)分离的细菌多样性较差。采用 Salkowski比色液显色法定量测定菌株产 IAA能力，结果表明有 58株细菌具有分泌 IAA的能力，占测定菌株总数的 74.36%，从马铃薯根际土(42株优势菌，13个菌属)筛选的产 IAA菌数量及细菌多样性均高于马铃薯叶片内生菌(16株优势菌，2个菌属)。根据菌株产IAA能力强弱和分离部位及分离培养基的差异，选择 7株产 IAA菌进行促生特性和马铃薯盆栽幼苗促生能力等研究，结果显示:有 6株产 IAA菌具有 ACC脱氨酶能力，1株产 IAA菌具有溶解无机磷能力，2株产 IAA菌具有溶解有机磷能力；两轮温室促生实验结果显示，菌株 Pantoeasp.MLS-34-25对马铃薯幼苗具有明显的促生作用，是生产微生物肥料的潜在菌种。     

马铃薯高世代选系疮痂病抗性评价及SSR辅助筛选

利用国外种质资源创造的20 份高世代马铃薯无性系为试材，以尤金为感病对照，克新18 号为抗病对照，采用自然 病圃和人工接种的鉴定方式进行疮痂病抗性评价，利用SSR 分子标记分析试材之间的亲缘关系，并对比SSR 遗传相似性系 数聚类结果和试材抗病性分类结果，探究利用SSR 分子标记辅助筛选疮痂病抗病资源的可行性。从试验地土壤和感病块茎 共分离纯化具有链霉菌特征的菌株278 份，其中240 份来自于块茎，38 份来自于土壤。具有致病力的菌株127 株，经鉴定 全部属于Streptomyces scabies 菌种。试材间的抗病性存在明显差异，可分为高抗、中抗、中感和高感4 个类型。人工接种与 自然病圃抗性鉴定结果存在极显著相关（R²=0.946 7）。抗病类型与感病类型通过SSR 遗传相似性系数聚类大致可以区分。     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in the mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla paramamosain</Emphasis>: its potential anti-apoptosis role under air exposure stress

The mud crab Scylla paramamosain is a widely farmed commercial species in southeast coastal areas of China. The crabs are placed in water-free containers for transportation to inland markets, thus are exposed to dry conditions for more than 72 h after capture and may suffer from air exposure stress, triggering cell apoptosis leading to death. To evaluate whether an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) is involved in apoptosis resistance against air exposure stress in crustaceans, SpIAP was cloned and investigated for the first time. The full length of SpIAP was 3351 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 662 amino acids. The predicted SpIAP protein contained three baculoviral IAP repeat domains and one really interesting new gene (RING) finger domain. Protein basic local alignment search tool and phylogenetic analysis results showed that SpIAP was clustered together with other crustaceans IAPs. SpIAP was detected in all the examined tissues and predominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas. When crabs were challenged with air exposure for 12 h, the expression level of SpIAP in the hepatopancreas was significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. A RNA interference assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that when SpIAP was silenced, the cell apoptotic rate significantly increased after 24 h air exposure. These results suggested that SpIAP was involved in an anti-apoptosis response induced by air exposure in S. paramamosain.     

野生大豆内生真菌对作物促生作用的研究

为了实现绿色生态农业、农作提质增效,加快生防菌剂的研发进度。本研究利用具有广谱拮抗玉米大斑病和大豆疫霉病野生大豆内生真菌Y6R15和Y2S2为试材,通过菌液灌根和叶喷处理,分析不同处理下玉米和大豆苗期干物质和根系指标的变化。结果表明：拮抗菌株Y6R15对玉米叶片和根干重促生作用明显,均提高根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数等指标,以根冠比指标标准Y6R15叶喷效果为最佳方式,依据根系指标特征变化Y6R15灌根效果好于叶喷。拮抗菌株Y2S2和Y6R15处理均对大豆有促生作用,效果显著,Y6R15菌株对玉米和大豆均有促生作用。     

半滑舌鳎溃疡病原杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)是广受我国消费者认可的名优鱼类,具有很高的营养价值和经济价值,然而,随着工厂化养殖模式的不断发展,疾病成为制约半滑舌鳎养殖业健康发展的关键因素,其中,体表溃疡病为其常见病症。从严重溃疡病半滑舌鳎体内分离到1株优势菌株HX0416,该菌可在TCBS培养基上生长,并可在绵羊血平板上形成清晰的β-溶血环;经过16S rRNA和rpo D基因序列同源性分析并结合生化特性鉴定为杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)。健康半滑舌鳎幼鱼感染试验表明,该菌对半滑舌鳎具有较强致病性,感染72 h(1.04×106cfu·m L-1)对攻毒鱼的致死率达91.7%。药敏试验结果显示,该菌对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星等喹诺酮类和头孢曲松、头孢吡肟等头孢菌素类药物比较敏感,而对硫酸新霉素、土霉素等氨基糖苷类和四环素类药物多重耐药,尤其是对磺胺甲噁唑、氨苄西林等磺胺类和β-内酰胺类药物严重耐药。     

一种基于RPA的番茄褪绿病毒检测方法

番茄褪绿病毒Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV)引起番茄褪绿病毒病,给番茄生产造成严重危害。开发快速准确的检测方法对该病害的防控具有重要意义。利用番茄褪绿病毒外壳蛋白(CP)基因序列,设计特异性引物,建立了ToCV的重组酶聚合酶等温扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification, RPA)检测方法,同时分析了该方法的灵敏度和特异性。结果表明,建立的ToCV-RPA方法在38℃恒温下40 min可从ToCV阳性的番茄样品中扩增出246 bp的特异性条带。扩增时间短,对设备要求低,且与番茄其他病毒无交叉反应,特异性好,灵敏度可达到PCR方法的10倍,适用于ToCV的快速检测。