海南大学国家级农林经济管理特色专业学生工作的思考

探索农林经济管理专业学生工作的思路和方法,认为做好农林经济与管理专业学生工作,需要把握以下环节:重视安全教育;积极进行职业规划引导,加强就业指导,提升就业能力;重视学生干部培养,发挥学生干部在校园文化建设中的积极作用;办好专业特色活动,为学生提供知识运用的平台,激发学生学习本专业知识的动力;鼓励学生参加科研活动和社会实践活动。     

Spatial-uniform application method of methane fermentation digested slurry with irrigation water in the rice paddy field

Promoting biomass utilization, the objectives of this study were to clarify the spatial distribution of nitrogen, one of the most important fertilizer components in the methane fermentation digested slurry (i.e., the digested slurry), and to establish an effective method to apply spatial-uniformly digested slurry with irrigation water in the rice paddy field. A numerical model describing the unsteady two-dimensional flow and solution transport of paddy irrigation water was introduced. The accuracy of this model was verified with a field observation. The tendencies of the TN simulated in inlet and outlet portions had good agreement with the measured data and the accuracy of the numerical model could be verified. Using the numerical model, scenario analyses were conducted to determine the method for spatial-uniform application of the digested slurry with irrigation water. The simulated results indicated that drainage of the surface water and trenches at the soil surface were effective for spatial-uniform application of the digested slurry with irrigation water in the rice paddy fields. The effect of the trenches was maximized when the surface water of the rice paddy field was drained adequately.     

深松铲扰动下天然草地复合土层失效特性的试验研究

为研究深松铲类耕作部件作用下天然草地扰动失效过程,采用草地耕作试验台搭载不同类型和具有不同结构参数的深松铲,在不同作业深度下,进行草地扰动失效试验,对草地土层失效过程、扰动情况、翻垡率、扰动系数、蓬松度,以及耕作部件的作业阻力和沟形面积比阻进行对比分析。试验结果表明:利用深松铲可以打破天然草地形成的“地表干草+植物根茎+土壤”的“夹层式”复合土层结构,对草地土层造成扰动,但其作业效果受作业深度、结构参数以及“夹层式”复合土层结构的影响。深松铲作业后产生的地表翻垡率为5.67%~12.25%,扰动系数为63%~74%,蓬松度为38%~49%。综合所有的扰动失效特性参数,在所试验的深松铲耕作部件中,双翼倾角为150°的双翼形深松铲在草地深松作业时对草地地表扰动和土壤翻垡情况影响较小,对土壤的扰动系数较高,作业效果最佳。     

种猪自动精细饲喂系统设计与试验

设计了可用于种猪自动供料的精细饲喂系统。系统主要由可编程控制器、步进电动机及驱动器、卸料器组成,软件应用程序由组态王开发完成,主要由精细饲喂主界面和料量添加界面组成。系统运行结果表明,该系统运行稳定可靠,实现了自动精确的投放饲料,在一定的范围内投放饲料,其最大误差不超过±2%。     

北方干寒地区日光温室CO2预测模型建立与冬季试验

根据质量平衡原理,构建了适用于北方干旱、寒冷地区典型日光温室CO2动态预测模型。模型定量描述了作物光合和呼吸作用、土壤呼吸作用、CO2施肥、自然通风及闭膜后的冷风渗透对室内空气中CO2的动态影响过程。利用内蒙古农牧业科技园区的日光温室对模型进行了冬季验证。结果表明,模型能较好地预测北方干旱、寒冷地区冬季晴天、多云天气的日光温室室内空气CO2浓度的动态变化过程,且预测值和实测值之间的相对误差小于10%。     

Effect of plastic-film mulching on leaching of nitrate nitrogen in an upland field converted from paddy

A lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine the effects of plastic film mulching on the leaching rate of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) from chemical fertilizer that was applied to an upland field that had been converted from paddy rice production. Leaching was monitored in two lysimeters filled with sandy loam soil, which contained low soil organic matter content, under different surface mulch conditions. One was mulched only on the ridge (ridge-mulch treatment) and another one was mulched fully, including the furrow, with black plastic film (full-mulch treatment). Chemical fertilizer was mixed into the top 0.2 m of soil in the two lysimeters before installing the mulch. After transplanting broccoli, the amount of subsurface discharge water and the NO₃-N concentrations in the discharge water were measured every day. Larger NO₃-N discharges occurred in the ridge-mulch treatment for three days after heavy rainfalls in which cumulative precipitation exceeded 10 mm, and the daily NO₃-N load was twice as large as the full-mulch treatment. The differences in the amount of subsurface discharge water and NO₃-N discharged between treatments were not significant when there was no rainfall. Cumulative NO₃-N loads for the ridge- and full-mulch treatment during the last month of the experimental period were 0.246 and 0.195 g m^–2, respectively. The effect of mulching on the reduction of NO₃-N discharge rate was higher for the full-mulch treatment. This result showed that a plastic-film mulching system would be effective as an appropriate fertilizer management to reduce nitrate-leaching losses.     

The relationship between water intake rates,paddy ponding depth,and farmers’ water management techniques

Japanese farmers manage their irrigation water based on their past experiences and preferences, considering such factors as weather and available water (hereafter defined as empirical water management). They elaborately control the intake and drainage rates of their own paddy fields to maintain optimal ponding depths. But these well-managed systems will drastically change because of the decreasing number of farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify if the optimal ponding depth will be maintained within the limits of traditionally-allowed water intake rate from the main river. The first objective of this study was the quantification of actual water use in the paddy fields, resulting from the farmers water management on the basis of their experience. The significance of the present water intake rate under empirical water management was studied for a paddy field command area of about 230 ha. Water intake rates and the water requirements of the whole area were investigated by measuring the flow rate at 17 points of irrigation and drainage canals. Characteristics of the farmers empirical water management were investigated by measuring the hourly changes in inflow and outflow rates for a sub-area using an automatic measurement system, and an inferential method of determining water management patterns for the paddy fields was proposed. The newly-proposed inferential method was introduced in the tank model, which expresses the characteristics of water management in the command area. The Shuffled Complex Evolution Algorithm (SCE-UA) method was used for optimizing the model parameters. It was proven that the model accuracy improved when the farmers empirical water management was taken into account. The optimal amount of water to be applied to the command area was quantified by the simulation. The second objective was to predict the effect of the decreasing number of farmers on future water use conditions. The simulated result indicates the difficulty of maintaining optimal ponding depth for the whole command area when the farmers empirical water management is not maintained. In other words, results indicated that efficient water use requires an automatic water management system or a new pipeline system to replace the farmers present empirical water management.     

Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of seed oil and flour extracts of Maryland-grown tobacco cultivars

To determine the possible alternative use of tobacco, the seeds representing seven Maryland tobacco cultivars were investigated for their phytochemical, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. Tobacco seed oils were extracted by the Soxhlet method, and analyzed for their yield, density, refractive index, fatty acid profiles, and tocopherol profile. The defatted flours were extracted in 50% acetone and 80% ethanol. The tobacco seed oil and flour extracts were analyzed for total phenolic contents (TPC) and scavenging capacities against peroxyl, hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and the protein content of the flours were also analyzed. In addition, oil and flour extracts of varieties MD609 and MD609LA were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects on HT-29 human colon cancer cells. All of the tested extracts significantly inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation except that from MD609 oil. The data from this study suggest the potential alternative use of tobacco seeds in developing natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for improving human health.     

种猪数字化养殖平台的构建

目前,虽然中国规模化养猪业快速发展,但是饲养设施和技术手段与发达国家相比仍然相对落后。该文提出数字化种猪养殖平台,利用先进技术和管理方法提高养猪业效益。整个平台从种猪生产过程和个体信息的管理到数字化监管等方面作了详尽的阐述,并逐一给出平台中各组成子系统的构建方法,利用无线射频识别（RFID）、智能控制、网络传输等多项数字化技术和手段,完成平台的建设,包括饲料的自动输送和精细饲喂系统、猪舍环境智能化调控及数字化表达、猪只个体信息的数字化表达和猪舍实况的可视化监视、种猪养殖全过程的网络化监管。该平台作为内蒙古科技园区数字化养殖的具体示范实例,将数字化技术应用到种猪生产,体现了农牧业生产过程科技化的基本理念。     

药用植物防风中色原酮类成分的提取

为探明防风植物中色原酮类成分的最佳提取方法,采用冷浸提取、超声提取、回流提取和ASE快速溶剂萃取4种不同提取方法,以不同溶剂提取防风中的色原酮类化合物,确定防风中色原酮类成分的最佳提取方法。同时应用高效液相色谱技术定量分析防风不同提取物中的色原酮类成分。结果表明,采用超声提取法,以80%乙醇为提取溶剂,防风中色原酮类成分提取率较高。