两种有机硅助剂对四氯虫酰胺防治菜青虫的增效作用

为明确两种有机硅助剂Silwet 408和Greenwet 7618对四氯虫酰胺防治菜青虫的增效作用,本文采用喷雾法测定四氯虫酰胺以推荐剂量、50%推荐用量分别与Silwet 408和Greenwet 7618的3 000倍稀释液混用对菜青虫的田间防效。结果表明,四氯虫酰胺以50%推荐用量分别与Silwet 408和Greenwet 7618混用,药后3 d对菜青虫的防效均与单独使用推荐剂量的防效无显著差异;药后7 d,50%推荐用量与Greenwet 7618混用对菜青虫的防效与推荐剂量的四氯虫酰胺仍无显著差异,而50%推荐用量与Silwet 408混用的防效显著降低;在药后14 d,所有处理对菜青虫无防治效果。因此,建议在生产上推广50%推荐用量的四氯虫酰胺与Greenwet 7618的3 000倍液混用防治菜青虫。     

Optimal dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios for silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

Four isonitrogenous diets containing different carbohydrate:lipid (CHO:L) ratios (0.3, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.8) were tested in triplicate groups (16 fish per replicate) of silvery‐black porgy juveniles for 8 weeks. Growth performance was not affected by different dietary CHO:L ratios (P > 0.05); however, the viscerosomatic index, the intraperitoneal fat, whole‐body lipid, energy and n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids levels increased with decreasing dietary CHO:L ratios (P < 0.05). Fish fed with 1.8 CHO:L diet had the lowest apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and lipid, as well as the lowest plasma haemolytic and lysozyme activities (P < 0.05). Red blood cell counts and plasma glucose levels were higher in fish fed with 1.1 and 1.8 CHO:L ratio diets than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Plasma alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in the liver and plasma increased as dietary CHO:L ratios decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the current study indicated that the diets with CHO:L ratios between 0.6 and 1.1 are optimal for silvery‐black porgy, whereas higher ratios may result in hyperglycaemia and immune suppression, and lower CHO:L ratios may lead to oxidative stress and liver dysfunction.     

多酚类化合物协同抗氧化性研究进展

多酚类化合物是一种大量存在于植物体内的物质，因其具有优良的抗氧化、抗癌、抗衰老等 性能而受到研究者们的广泛关注。多项研究表明具有抗氧化性能的物质之间大多具有协同作用，两 种或两种以上的物质化合，其抗氧化能力往往强于单一物质的抗氧化能力。近年来，许多研究者将目 光聚焦到多酚类物质与小分子物质化合所具有的协同抗氧化能力的研究上并做出多项试验。本文论 述了多酚类化合物的抗氧化机理及协同抗氧化机理，并以茶多酚与维生素C、维生素E 化合为例对协 同抗氧化进行论述。     

Tree vibrations: Determining oscillatory properties by using infra-red marker-tracking system

A state-of-the-art infrared marker-tracking system that consists of eight cameras outfitted with infra-red optical filters and an array of infra-red light-emitting diodes as well as a set of reflective markers, is used to record the motion of a set of markers arranged along a trunk-dominated potted tree, which was pulled and released to perform free vibrations. The time-history diagrams of these markers are numerically fitted to the corresponding analytical mathematical model for each marker, in which the markers are treated as particles performing in-plane oscillations. This combination of experimental, analytical and numerical results yields the main vibration properties of the markers, i.e. the points on the tree: natural frequencies, damping ratios and the position of principal axes in two cases: for the in-leaf and out-of-leaf tree under consideration. The shape of the time history diagrams for the motion along one direction indicates the initial increase of the amplitude, and this property is found to be associated with two closed-valued natural frequencies. These two natural frequencies decreased after the removal of leaves, but stayed closed-valued. Two natural frequencies correspond to two principal axes, whose change along the height of the tree is also determined in both cases. The change of the damping ratios associated with two principal axes is also obtained: only one of them changed after the removal of leaves. Besides providing a proof of concept for the use of the high-tech marker-tracking system for obtaining certain oscillatory characteristics, this study also points out the possibilities for future work in which this system can be beneficial for investigating tree vibrations and deflections under different loads.     

Effect of Pathogen Synergistic Pathogenicity on Severity of Verticillium Wilt of Cotton

Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne and vascular pathogen causing Verticillium wilt of cotton, which is one of the most severe diseases affecting cotton production in China. Recently, a soil-inhabiting opportunistic pathogen was isolated and identified as Scopulariopsis gossypii; it could infect the host through wounds and increase disease severity in combination with V. dahliae. S. gossypii was able to form conidia in a nutritionally poor substrate and had similar biological characteristics to other vascular pathogens, while ultrastructure observation also confirmed that it was present in vascular tissue of cotton plants and produced conidia. Nematode activity in soil could cause wounds on the surface of cotton roots resulting in infection by the pathogens. On the basis of our analysis of the biological characteristics and infection process of S. gossypii and its interactions with other pathogens in cotton plants, we propose establishing a research program for multipathogen-host interactions in the cotton rhizosphere, which will enable detailed investigation of the synergistic pathogenesis of S. gossypii and V. dahliae.     

单萜酚类化合物与苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺混配对立枯丝核菌的抑菌活性研究

为探究单萜酚类化合物与杀菌剂混配对立枯丝核菌的抑制效果,筛选能够防治水稻、玉米纹枯病的药剂,本研究分别将百里香酚、香芹酚与苯醚甲环唑、噻呋酰胺混配,通过菌丝生长速率法测定了其对R. solani的抑菌活性,并以孙云沛法评价了单萜酚与杀菌剂混配的增效作用。试验结果表明：香芹酚、百里香酚与噻呋酰胺以1:5、1:4、2:3、3:2、4:1和5:1比例混配均表现出协同增效作用,其中香芹酚和噻呋酰胺4:1混配的抑菌效果最好,EC₅₀值为0.928 mg/L,共毒系数(CTC)为1397.39;香芹酚与苯醚甲环唑以3:2、4:1和5:1比例混配以及百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑以2:3、4:1和5:1比例混配也表现出协同增效作用。百里香酚和香芹酚对苯醚甲环唑和噻呋酰胺增效作用明显,香芹酚与噻呋酰胺的4:1混剂对R. solani抑菌活性高,具备应用于水稻、玉米纹枯病的防治的潜力。天然单萜酚类化合物与杀菌剂以一定比例混配能够显著提高其抑菌活性,在杀菌剂研发、筛选中具备很高的研究价值。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯协同对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果

运用对峙培养法测定解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06菌株对玉米小斑病菌的拮抗活性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定发酵上清液、脂肽粗提物对玉米小斑病菌的抑菌活性,以及SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配的协同抑菌活性。结果表明:对峙培养SJ06对玉米小斑病菌的抑制率为71.43%;SJ06发酵上清液和脂肽粗提物对病菌的EC_(50)值分别为0.88μL/mL和0.23μL/mL,吡唑醚菌酯对病菌的EC_(50)值为1.10μg/m L;SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配对玉米小斑病菌的毒性比均大于1,说明复配对病菌的抑制效果均为增效作用,其中,复配体积比为4∶6时毒性比为1.21,增效作用最强。     

增效磷肥对花生生长、产量和磷利用率的影响

采用大田试验，在正阳县酸性砂姜黑土和清丰县石灰性砂质潮土区，研究了磷肥与不同增效剂（腐殖酸、 复合氨基酸和草酸）配施对花生生长、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明，85%常规施磷与腐殖酸、氨基酸和草 酸配施对花生产量的作用效果受土壤类型影响，砂姜黑土区，分别比85%常规施磷增产8.82%、4.66%和-1.68%，砂 质潮土区分别比85%常规施磷增产8.40%、3.18%和12.08%，砂姜黑土区和砂质潮土区分别以85%常规施磷+腐植 酸和85%常规施磷+草酸处理对花生生长和增产的促进效果最好。施磷增效剂也提高了花生磷积累量和磷肥利用 率，其原因在于磷增效剂促进了土壤难溶性磷组分转化为活性较高磷组分，与85%常规施磷相比，砂姜黑土区85% 常规施磷+腐植酸和砂质潮土区85%常规施磷+草酸处理的花生磷积累总量分别显著增加26.31%和22.89%，磷肥 表观利用率分别提高7.74%和4.99%，磷肥农学效率分别提高5.54 g/kg和5.39 g/kg。因此，酸性砂姜黑土区磷肥减 量15%配施腐殖酸，石灰性砂质潮土区磷肥减量15%配施草酸，可提高磷肥利用率，确保花生不减产，实现磷肥减 量增效目标。