神经介素B及其受体NMBR参与抗A型流感病毒H1N1亚型感染的信号通路

NMB/NMBR通过调节A型流感病毒（IAV/H1N1/PR8）感染诱导的细胞因子表达而参与抗IAV的先天性免疫反应。为探究其发挥抗IAV/H1N1感染的信号通路，本文用PR8和WSN毒株分别感染MLE-12细胞和小鼠，用NF-κB抑制剂BAY11-7028单独或联合NMB处理MLE-12细胞，小鼠后腿肌内注射NMB和NMBRA，采用RT-PCR和qRT-PCR分析NMB、NMBR、IL-6、IFN-α和NP基因表达变化，采用Western blot分析NMB、NMBR、P65/p-P65、IκBα和NP蛋白表达的变化。结果显示，BAY11-7028可促使PR8和WSN感染的MLE-12细胞中NMB、NMBR、IL-6和IFN-α基因表达水平均下降和NP基因表达水平上升，并降低NMB、NMBR和p-P65蛋白表达水平和提升IκBα和NP蛋白表达水平。然而，NMB联合BAY 11-7028诱导PR8或WSN感染后的细胞中IL-6和NP表达出现极显著下降和IFN-α显著上升。此外，NMB抑制PR8和WSN感染的小鼠肺组织内p-P65和NP蛋白表达水平和促进IκBα蛋白表达水平；NMBRA联合NMB抵消NMB对PR8或WSN感染后的这些蛋白表达水平的调节作用。综上表明，NMB/NMBR通过调节PR8和WSN感染的MLE-12细胞和小鼠体内的NF-κB信号通路上P65蛋白磷酸化和IκBα的表达，进而影响下游细胞因子IL-6和IFN-α基因的表达，从而发挥抗IAV/H1N1感染的先天性免疫应答反应。     

Characterization of bovine ileal epithelial cell line for lectin binding,susceptibility to enteric pathogens,and TLR mediated immune responses

In this study, primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) were characterized for the expression of surface carbohydrate moieties. Primary BIEC-c4 cells showed staining greater than 90 % for 16 lectins but less than 50 % staining for four lectins. Immortalized BIECs showed significantly different lectin binding profile for few lectins compared to BIEC-c4 cells. BIEC-c4 cells were studied for infectivity to E. coli, Salmonella enterica, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine strain E. coli B41 adhered to BIEC-c4 cells and Salmonella strains S. Dublin and S. Mbandaka showed strong cell invasion. BIEC-c4 cells were susceptible to bovine rotavirus. LPS stimulation upregulated IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 expression and Poly I:C upregulated TLR 8 and TLR 9 expression. This study provides important knowledge on the glycoconjugate expression profile of primary and immortalized BIECs and infectivity and immune responses of primary BIECs to bacterial and viral pathogens or ligands.     

Management of yellow dwarf disease in Europe in a post‐neonicotinoid agriculture

Barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) cause yellow dwarf disease (YDD), which is a continuous risk to cereals production worldwide. These viruses cause leaf yellowing and stunting, resulting in yield reductions of up to 80%. YDVs have been a consistent but low‐level problem in European cereal cultivation for the last three decades, mostly due to the availability of several effective insecticides (largely pyrethroids and more recently neonicotinoids) against aphid vectors. However, this has changed recently, with many insecticides being lost, culminating in a recent European Union (EU) regulation prohibiting outdoor use of the neonicotinoid‐insecticide compounds. This change is coupled with the growing challenge of insecticide‐resistant aphids, the lack of genetic resources against YDVs, and a knowledge deficit around the parameters responsible for the emergence and spread of YDD. This means that economic sustainability of cereal cultivation in several European countries including France and United Kingdom is now again threatened by this aphid‐vectored viral disease. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the YDV pathosystem, describe management options against YDD, analyse the impacts of the neonicotinoid ban in Europe, and consider future strategies to control YDV. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

3株鸽源新城疫病毒的分子特征及对鸽的致病性

2011―2013年在新城疫流行病学调查中分离到3株鸽源新城疫病毒(SDS,SD01和SD02),为了进一步了解其生物学特性和遗传进化规律,对3株病毒进行了测序和生物活性分析,并对分离株SDS对鸽的致病性进行了评价。结果表明,毒株SDS基因组全长为15192 bp,基因排列方式为3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′,3个分离株F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列均为¹¹²RRQKRF¹¹⁷,具有典型的新城疫强毒的分子特征。系统进化分析表明这3个毒株与基因Ⅵ型NDV毒株聚于一簇,属于ClassⅡ系Ⅵb基因型。3个分离株F蛋白的融合肽和七肽重复区,HN蛋白的抗原中和表位存在多处突变,与单克隆抗体1E5、2F10的反应性也发生改变,表明3个分离株与疫苗株LaSota有明显的抗原差异。SDS攻毒试验结果显示,试验鸽自攻毒后5 d出现明显的临床症状,滴鼻组和肌肉注射组的死亡率分别为60%和70%;病死鸽剖检可见脑膜充血出血,腺胃乳头、腺胃肌胃交界及肠道出血,肝脏肿大,脾有淤血斑。滴鼻组在攻毒后5~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔检出排毒,而肌肉注射组在攻毒后3~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔有排毒。     

Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

基于卷积神经网络马铃薯叶片病害识别和病斑检测*

针对自然环境下马铃薯叶片病害识别率低和晚疫病斑定位难的问题,基于大田环境中采集的马铃薯叶片图像,首先对马铃薯叶片病害进行识别,对比AlexNet、VGG16、InceptionV3、ResNet50、MobileNet五种神经网络模型,结果表明InceptionV3模型的识别效果准确率最高,可达98.00%。其次对马铃薯叶片的晚疫病斑进行检测,提出一种改进型的CenterNet-SPP模型,该模型通过特征提取网络获取对象的中心点,再通过中心点回归获得中心点偏移量、目标大小等图像信息,训练后的模型在验证集下的mAP可达90.03%,以F₁为评价值分析对比其它目标检测模型,CenterNet-SPP模型的效果最好,准确率为94.93%,召回率为90.34%,F₁值为92.58%,平均检测一张图像耗时0.10 s。为自然环境下马铃薯叶片病害识别和检测提供较为全面的深度学习算法和模型研究基础。     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

太子参须提取物对鸭流感病毒体外试验初探

为尝试性探究太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长的抑制作用,本文基于TCID50试验检测鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外感染不同处理组的MDCK细胞。结果表明,太子参须提取物高低剂量组(75%、25%)和黄芪多糖阳性对照组均对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒体外生长产生抑制,且太子参须提取物高剂量组(75%)的抑制作用最优。结论:太子参须提取物对鸭H9N2亚型流感病毒在MDCK细胞上的体外增殖具有一定抑制作用,且呈相应剂量关系。     

Effect of rifaximin on gut-lung axis in mice infected with influenza A virus

Gut-lung axis injury is a common finding in patients with respiratory diseases as well as in animal model of influenza virus infection. Influenza virus damages the intestinal microecology while affecting the lungs. Rifaximin, a non-absorbable derivative of rifamycin, is an effective antibiotic that acts by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis. This study aimed to determine whether rifaximin-perturbation of the intestinal microbiome leads to protective effects against influenza infection, via the gut-lung axis. Our results showed that influenza virus infection caused inflammation of and damage to the lungs. The expression of tight junction proteins in the lung and colon of H1N1 infected mice decreased significantly, attesting that the barrier structure of the lung and colon was damaged. Due to this perturbation in the gut-lung axis, the intestinal microbiota became imbalanced as Escherichia coli bacteria replicated opportunistically, causing intestinal injury. When influenza infection was treated with rifamixin, qPCR results from the gut showed significant increases in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium populations, while Escherichia coli populations markedly decreased. Furthermore, pathology sections and western blotting results illustrated that rifaximin treatment strengthened the physical barriers of the lung-gut axis through increased expression of tight junction protein in the colon and lungs. These results indicated that rifaximin ameliorated lung and intestine injury induced by influenza virus infection. The mechanisms identified were the regulation of gut flora balance and intestinal and lung permeability, which might be related to the regulation of the gut-lung axis. Rifaximin might be useful as a co-treatment drug for the prevention of influenza virus infection.