碎甘薯秧离散元仿真参数测量与标定*

针对甘薯秧蔓机械化回收过程中离散元仿真研究缺乏准确参数值的问题,采用直接测量和虚拟标定相结合的方法对碎甘薯茎秆和叶片离散元仿真参数进行研究。采用物理试验法获得碎甘薯秧的本征参数、碰撞恢复系数等参数值及碎甘薯秧颗粒的静摩擦系数参数范围,并为离散元法仿真设计了不同的参数组合。通过堆积角优化仿真试验确定甘薯叶片本征参数及其他不易直接测量的离散元仿真参数。Plackett-Burman试验表明,甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—45钢的静摩擦系数、甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—甘薯叶的滚动摩擦系数均显著影响堆积角。运用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken优化试验标定了对碎甘薯秧堆积角有显著影响的参数值,以得到的参数进行颗粒堆积仿真试验,测得堆积角平均值为40.51°,与实测值相对误差为0.972%,说明物理试验加优化仿真试验来标定离散元参数是可行的,标定所得的参数可作为甘薯秧茎叶离散元仿真参数。     

马铃薯致病疫霉拮抗细菌研究进展

为了解决马铃薯致病疫霉侵染马铃薯导致其死亡,进而造成马铃薯单位种植产量低的问题。本文从拮抗菌入手,归纳分析细菌类拮抗菌中的主要拮抗菌中芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和粘细菌对马铃薯致病疫霉的抑制作用。同时,在总结前人研究的基础上,笔者认为在拮抗菌应用方面,可以采用多对一的新型平板对峙筛菌模式来模拟复杂条件下拮抗菌的拮抗作用,以期得到稳定的拮抗菌;并指出应从定植能力和根际微生物影响方面对拮抗菌实际应用的可行性进行研究;此外,提出未来对拮抗菌抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的探究应从表型层面的研究深入到分子层面,以期能成功从源头找寻抑制马铃薯致病疫霉的答案。     

马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病药剂防治筛选试验报告

马铃薯产业是宁夏“1+4”特色优势产业,是西吉县所有农作物中种植面积最大、涉及农户最多、比较效益最高的农民脱贫致富的主导产业。近年来西吉县马铃薯产业由商品薯种植大县向种薯繁育大县的转变,推动了农业增效,农民增收的快速发展。但各类土传性病害的发生影响了马铃薯产业的发展,同时磋商了农民种植的积极性。为了测定筛选出对马铃薯枯萎病和干腐病防治效果好、成本较低药剂,为大田防治提供科学依据。     

5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置设计与试验

针对马铃薯种薯切块机械化程度低的问题,设计了一种纵横刀组协同式马铃薯种薯切块装置,对其关键部件进行设计,通过对马铃薯种薯切割过程的力学分析、运动学分析和能量学分析,建立了切种能量的数学模型,确定了影响马铃薯切种效果的主要因素。以切种效率、切种合格率为评价指标,以圆盘刀半径、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距、圆盘刀轴转速和夹持辊轴转速为试验因素,进行了四因素四水平正交试验。对正交试验结果进行方差和极差分析,结果表明:当圆盘刀半径为180 mm、输送辊与圆盘刀垂直中心距为190 mm、圆盘刀轴转速为115 r/min、夹持辊轴转速为56 r/min时,切种效率为74.5 kg/min,切种合格率为98.8%,满足马铃薯切种作业要求。     

湿热处理制备马铃薯抗性淀粉工艺优化

为获得湿热处理制备马铃薯抗性淀粉的最适工艺参数，以抗性淀粉得率为考察指标，研究淀粉含水量、湿热处理温度和湿热处理时间对抗性淀粉得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上进行正交优化，确定了制备马铃薯抗性淀粉的最佳工艺条件为：淀粉含水量30%，湿热处理温度90 ℃，热处理时间90 min。在此条件下制得的抗性淀粉得率为26.63%。淀粉经过湿热处理后仍然保持偏光十字，为颗粒型抗性淀粉。     

Sorghum extrusion process combined with biofortified sweet potato contributed for high iron bioavailability in Wistar rats

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sorghum and sweet potato on the bioavailability of iron, gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism and the plasma antioxidant capacity in animals fed with whole sorghum grains processed by dry heat or extrusion, combined or not with sweet potato flour with high content of carotenoids. Five experimental groups were tested (n = 7): dry heat sorghum flour (DS); extruded sorghum flour (ES); whole sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (DS + SP); extruded sorghum flour + sweet potato flour (ES + SP) and positive control (FS). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency, gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citochroma B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The ES + SP group showed higher (p < 0.05) expression of DcytB, ferroportin and hephaestin when compared to the control group. The DS group showed high (p < 0.05) expression of DMT-1 and the ES showed high mRNA expression of transferrin and ferritin. The changes in the sorghum physicochemical properties from extrusion process reduced the iron and phytate content, and increased the gene expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism, improving iron bioavailability. The combination of sweet potato and sorghum flour (dry or extruded) improved the iron capture and total antioxidant capacity, probably due to the presence of β-carotene and antioxidant compounds.     

围场县马铃薯中典型药物污染特征及健康风险评价

为掌握典型药物在农作物中的污染特征及健康风险,保障农产品质量安全,利用超声萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,对围场县全县马铃薯中5大类(磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类及其他类)25种药物污染水平及富集效果进行了调查,并对健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,有20种目标物被检出,不同目标物检出率差异显著,检出含量范围为0.13～3.67μg·kg-1,单种污染物最高检出含量为17.0μg·kg-1。马铃薯对目标污染物的富集系数范围在0.01～39.6之间,最大富集系数为61.8。畜禽粪便是马铃薯中药物残留的主要来源,尽管整体检出水平和健康风险相对较低,但长期摄入与协同作用引发的潜在健康风险不容忽视。因此,仍需严控污染源头,推进畜禽粪便安全资源化利用,确保农田环境质量及农产品安全品质。