模毒蛾性信息素应用技术研究

模毒蛾Lymantria monacha是内蒙古大兴安岭林区重大森林害虫。通过对模毒蛾性信息素诱捕器应用技术的研究显示:不同类型的诱捕器诱虫效果不同,圆筒型和船型诱捕器的诱捕效果较好,方形的较差;诱捕器设置高度对诱虫效果的影响不同,设置在树冠下层和中层的诱捕器诱捕效果较好,上层的较差;不同设置距离的诱捕器的诱虫效果不同,随着设置距离的增加,诱捕器的诱捕量逐渐下降,设置于距林缘50 m的诱捕器诱虫效果最好,性信息素诱捕器的最远引诱距离可能为280 m。研究结果为利用性信息素对模毒蛾进行种群监测和防治提供了依据。     

天牛科昆虫信息化合物研究现状

天牛科昆虫是危害严重的林业害虫,给林业生产造成重大损失。昆虫信息化合物的鉴定及应用,在害虫综合治理(IPM)中发挥着重要的作用。到目前为止,已从100多种天牛科物种中鉴定出信息化合物质,天牛亚科(Cerambycinae)、沟胫天牛亚科(Lamiinae)和椎天牛亚科(Spondylidinae)鉴定出雄性天牛的聚集信息素组分,花天牛亚科(Lepturinae)和锯天牛亚科(Prioninae)物种主要是鉴定出雌性天牛释放性的性信息素组分。这些信息素组分在不同亚科、不同属和种之间重叠率高,同一种组分可以在多种天牛物种中发挥作用,调节昆虫行为活动的信息化学物质在害虫治理中具有应用潜力和广阔的前景。对国内外已研究的天牛科信息素组分进行系统分析,可为今后鉴定新的天牛科信息素组分提供依据,加快我国天牛科信息素组分鉴定和应用进程。     

枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵的分布及粘虫板对其秋季成虫落卵量的影响

为明确山西省太谷地区‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵分布及粘虫板对绿盲蝽产卵的影响,对该地区不同管理水平的枣园绿盲蝽越冬场所进行调查,并结合室内外饲养观察卵孵化规律,在枣园悬挂黄色粘虫板观察其对绿盲蝽秋季成虫落卵量的影响。结果表明:不同管理水平枣园,绿盲蝽越冬卵分布场所均以枣树断茬口为主,其次是修剪口和中年生枣股,一年生枣股、老年生枣股及翘皮缝也有少量分布;枣园内外的杂草上均发现有少量绿盲蝽越冬卵,而在土壤中几乎没有分布;枣树不同部位卵分布的集中程度不同,卵粒数由多到少顺序为:断茬口枣股修剪口翘皮缝;绿盲蝽越冬卵4月中下旬开始孵化,孵化盛期为4月底到5月初;秋末,挂黄色粘虫板可使绿盲蝽越冬卵数量降低42.88%～87.56%。研究结果对‘壶瓶枣’枣园绿盲蝽的防控具有重要指导意义。     

Major ascaroside pheromone component asc-C5 influences reproductive plasticity among isolates of the invasive species pinewood nematode

Pheromones are communication chemicals and regulatory signals used by animals and represent unique tools for organisms to mediate behaviors and make “decisions” to maximize their fitness. Phenotypic plasticity refers to the innate capacity of a species to tolerate a greater breadth of environmental conditions across which it adapts to improve its survival, reproduction, and fitness. The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an invasive nematode species, was accidentally introduced from North America into Japan, China, and Europe; however, few studies have investigated its pheromones and phenotypic plasticity as a natural model. Here, we demonstrated a novel phenomenon, in which nematodes under the condition of pheromone presence triggered increased reproduction in invasive strains (JP1, JP2, CN1, CN2, EU1, and EU2), while it simultaneously decreased reproduction in native strains (US1 and US2). The bidirectional effect on fecundity, mediated by presence/absence of pheromones, is henceforth termed pheromone-regulative reproductive plasticity (PRRP). We further found that synthetic ascaroside asc-C5 (ascr#9), the major pheromone component, plays a leading role in PRRP and identified 2 candidate receptor genes, Bxydaf-38 and Bxysrd-10, involved in perceiving asc-C5. These results suggest that plasticity of reproductive responses to pheromones in pinewood nematode may increase its fitness in novel environments following introduction. This opens up a new perspective for invasion biology and presents a novel strategy of invasion, suggesting that pheromones, in addition to their traditional roles in chemical signaling, can influence the reproductive phenotype among native and invasive isolates. In addition, this novel mechanism could broadly explain, through comparative studies of native and invasive populations of animals, a potential underlying factor behind of the success of other biological invasions.     

草地贪夜蛾种群性诱测报方法研究

草地贪夜蛾已经成为中国农业生产的重大害虫,准确地预测预报是指导防治的基础。本研究采用国产草地贪夜蛾性诱剂诱陷多测试了3种不同类型诱捕器对草地贪夜蛾的田间诱捕效果。结果表明,诱陷多有效期可达60 d以上,3种诱捕器中以桶型诱捕器诱捕量最高。实验室研究显示,不同日龄草地贪夜蛾雄虫精巢长轴长度有显著性差异,精巢长轴长度随日龄增加不断减小。据此规律,制定了按照精巢长轴大小判断雄蛾日龄的指标,并反演重构了田间雌、雄虫种群羽化的动态曲线。本研究表明,可以利用性诱到的雄虫的精巢发育状况推算田间种群的年龄结构,进而达到通过预测雌虫产卵与幼虫孵化动态指导防治的目的。     

运城酥梨产区梨小食心虫发生动态监测及性诱剂诱捕防控效果调查

为明确梨小食心虫在山西省运城市的发生规律和性诱剂诱捕的田间防治效果,利用性诱剂三角形诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的发生动态进行了系统监测,并对两种性诱剂诱捕器在田间的防治效果进行了调查。监测结果表明,监测期间梨小食心虫成虫发生有3个高峰期：第一个高峰期在6月15日—7月1日,第二个高峰期在7月23—29日,第三个高峰期在8月28日—9月3日。性诱剂诱捕的防治效果调查表明,两种性诱剂诱捕器对梨小食心虫成虫的防治均有效果,且三角形诱捕器效果较好。本研究明确了梨小食心虫成虫在运城地区的发生动态及性诱剂诱捕的防治效果,为运城地区梨园梨小食心虫的预测预报及绿色防治提供了科学依据。