不同性诱芯及诱捕器组合对草地贪夜蛾的诱捕效果

本研究评价了不同性诱芯和诱捕器组合处理对草地贪夜蛾田间诱捕效果。结果表明,4个组合处理对草地贪夜蛾均有较好的诱集作用,能准确反映田间草地贪夜蛾的发生动态,均可以用于预测预报,及时指导科学防治,也可以作为绿色防控措施之一在生产中推广应用。     

草地贪夜蛾雄蛾交配状态的判断

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是近年入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。本研究通过解剖观察不同日龄和交配状态的草地贪夜蛾雄蛾内生殖系统,确定其内含物分级标准,并以此为依据分析性诱剂田间诱捕雄蛾的交配状态。结果表明草地贪夜蛾精巢体积随日龄增加而减小,发育后期已交配的精巢皱缩扁平,日龄对未交配雄蛾单射精管非角质化区(PS)末端内含物无显著影响。根据PS末端内含物的颜色和紧密程度将雄蛾交配状态分为5级(Ⅰ～Ⅴ级)。未交配雄蛾PS末端内含物为褐色且均匀(Ⅴ级),交配后0 h呈透明(Ⅰ级),之后内含物会逐渐回填(Ⅱ～Ⅳ)。田间诱捕雄蛾共921头,其中647头已交配(Ⅰ～Ⅳ级)。不同性诱剂诱捕雄蛾的交配状态无显著差异。本研究结果为草地贪夜蛾的预测预报和性诱剂防控实际控害效果评价提供参考。     

不同性诱剂对鲜食玉米田草地贪夜蛾的诱捕效果及影响因子研究

通过研究诱捕器-性诱芯组合的诱集效果,及诱捕器悬挂高度、排列间距等空间分布因素对鲜食玉米田草地贪夜蛾诱捕效果的影响,明确草地贪夜蛾性诱装置最佳使用方案,为使用性信息素进行草地贪夜蛾的种群监测和防控提供技术支持。选用3种性诱芯和3种诱捕器进行配对组合,进行田间诱捕效果比较试验;使用BLB性诱芯和专用诱捕器组合进行4个诱捕器悬挂高度和3个排列间距诱捕试验,并进行草地贪夜蛾成虫种群本地周年发生动态监测。结果表明:9个组合中BLB性诱芯和专用诱捕器组合诱捕效果最好;3种诱芯平均诱蛾量无显著差异;3种诱捕器中专用诱捕器诱捕效果最佳,飞蛾通用诱捕器诱捕效果最差。4个诱捕器悬挂高度在玉米拔节期时诱蛾量无显著差异,抽雄后2.2 m处理诱蛾量显著高于其他处理。诱捕器排列间距30 m处理的诱蛾量显著高于20 m和25 m的,但3个间距处理间田间草地贪夜蛾幼虫为害株率无显著差异。性诱监测发现,2020年5月中旬、6月下旬、7月下旬、9月上旬和10月中旬为成虫高峰期。草地贪夜蛾专用诱捕器搭配BLB性诱芯具有最佳诱捕效果,田间最优悬挂高度应高于玉米植株,诱捕器田间设置间距以30 m为宜。性诱适用于草地贪夜蛾的种群监测,并可作为害虫防治时的辅助手段。     

云南勐海蔗区草地贪夜蛾种群动态与性诱捕器诱集效果评价

为准确掌握甘蔗田草地贪夜蛾发生为害情况及种群动态,筛选适合当地种群监测的性诱捕器,通过田间人工调查不同种植方式甘蔗田草地贪夜蛾幼虫发生为害情况,采用2种类型草地贪夜蛾性诱捕器进行田间诱捕试验,探讨甘蔗田草地贪夜蛾性诱捕器的使用技术。结果表明：不论新植蔗田还是宿根蔗田,均有草地贪夜蛾发生为害,被害株率呈先缓慢上升后下降趋势,6月中下旬到7月上旬达到高峰,最高可达88.40%。甘蔗田草地贪夜蛾幼虫数量不多,宿根蔗田草地贪夜蛾幼虫数量较新植蔗田多,5月下旬到6月上旬达到高峰。监测期间不同种植方式甘蔗田草地贪夜蛾共出现5个诱集高峰期,新植蔗田草地贪夜蛾诱集高峰较宿根蔗田迟一个月出现。船形诱捕器和桶形诱捕器均可诱捕到草地贪夜蛾成虫,船形诱捕器田间诱集效果明显,但两者周均诱集量差异不显著。综合考虑各种因素,不论新植蔗田还是宿根蔗田,应加强甘蔗苗期草地贪夜蛾虫情普查和早期监测预警,在开展草地贪夜蛾监测时建议使用桶形诱捕器,在实际防治中结合甘蔗绵蚜防控采用植保无人机科学施药,防早防小,以达到最好的防治效果。     

玉米田间关键因素对草地贪夜蛾性诱效果的影响

在不同生育期玉米田将中捷、纽康、百乐宝3种性诱芯分别置于中捷罐形、纽康锥桶形两种诱捕器中,分析对比其对草地贪夜蛾雄成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,两种诱捕器对雄成虫的诱捕效果差异不显著;而中捷、纽康、百乐宝3种诱芯对草地贪夜蛾雄成虫诱捕效果存在显著差异,诱捕效果表现为:百乐宝>纽康>中捷。玉米生育期与草地贪夜蛾生存繁殖有着密切关系,虫口数量与玉米生育天数呈显著负相关,复种玉米苗期和拔节期是草地贪夜蛾幼虫活动取食最嗜好的时期。草地贪夜蛾的活动与傍晚田间气温存在显著相关性,周平均最低气温6.3~15℃时诱蛾量与周平均傍晚气温呈显著正相关。     

基于性诱和物联网的草地贪夜蛾成虫种群动态智能化监测

为实现田间草地贪夜蛾成虫种群动态的智能化监测,本研究对本文作者前期研发的基于性诱和物联网的害虫智能监测设备进行了田间应用和评估。研究发现,该智能监测设备的实时采集数据和人工计数数据所反映的草地贪夜蛾高峰期均为9月20日-9月22日、10月14日-10月22日和11月4日-11月6日,自动计数的平均准确率达75.03%;桶形诱捕器仅监测到9月20日-9月22日和10月14日-10月22日这2个高峰期,但整个监测期间桶形诱捕器诱集到的草地贪夜蛾种群数量与智能监测设备监测到的种群数量没有差异(Z=-0.784,P=0.433)。此外,该智能监测设备的实时监测数据表明：草地贪夜蛾成虫具有明显的昼夜活动节律,而且受环境温度影响较大。当日平均温度≥16℃时,大多在18:00后开始活动,晚上12点左右达到活动高峰期;当日平均温度<16℃时,草地贪夜蛾成虫整体活动性不强,但在16:00-16:59和23:00-00:59出现两个活动小高峰期。以上结果表明,基于性诱和物联网的智能化监测可以用于草地贪夜蛾的远程实时测报。     

草地贪夜蛾对氧化芳樟醇的趋性

利用植物挥发物作为增效剂增加昆虫性信息素的诱捕效果,提高生物防治效率已成为研究趋势。本研究利用触角电位仪以及Y形嗅觉仪研究草地贪夜蛾对3个浓度梯度氧化芳樟醇的电生理及行为反应。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛾对各浓度氧化芳樟醇都具有较强的电生理反应,且雌蛾对1μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇电生理反应值最高,为(0.40±0.051)mV,显著高于雄蛾;行为研究结果则表明,草地贪夜蛾雌虫对1μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇具有明显的选择偏好性,而雄蛾则对浓度为10μg/μL的氧化芳樟醇表现出明显的排斥性。本研究为开发有效的植物源草地贪夜蛾引诱剂提供了基础。     

20种杀虫剂对不同龄期不同地理种群草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力测定

为有效防控新入侵的迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾, 指导科学用药, 本研究采用饲料表面涂药法测定了13类20种杀虫剂对云南省玉溪市红塔区(红塔种群)、广东省广州市花都区(花都种群)、广西壮族自治区钦州市钦南区(钦南种群)、云南省玉溪市华宁县(华宁种群)、海南省海口市秀英区(秀英种群)5个种群草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力; 进而, 以红塔种群为相对敏感种群, 以华宁种群为抗性种群, 测定甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺、杀铃脲、虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯、茚虫威和氟苯虫酰胺9种杀虫剂对2个种群草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明, 20种杀虫剂对5个种群草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序依次为:甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺＞虱螨脲、杀铃脲、氟铃脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺＞高效氯氟氰菊酯、虫螨腈、多杀霉素＞溴氰虫酰胺、茚虫威、唑虫酰胺＞氟苯虫酰胺、联苯菊酯、甲氧虫酰肼＞毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷＞噻虫嗪＞啶虫脒、甲萘威; 9种杀虫剂对2个种群草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的毒力大小顺序依次为:甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺＞氯虫苯甲酰胺＞虱螨脲＞杀铃脲＞虫螨腈＞高效氯氟氰菊酯、茚虫威＞氟苯虫酰胺, 研究结果表明, 甲维盐、溴虫氟苯双酰胺、虱螨脲、氯虫苯甲酰胺4种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾3龄和5龄幼虫具有很高的活性, 是防治草地贪夜蛾的理想药剂, 该研究为合理选择有效杀虫剂进行田间防治提供了科学依据。     

福建龙海草地贪夜蛾发生动态及性诱剂诱捕器应用效果评价

2019—2020年,在福建龙海开展了草地贪夜蛾性诱剂诱捕器应用研究及周年发生为害情况调查。结果表明,有效成分为顺-9-十四碳烯乙酸酯∶顺-7-十二碳烯乙酸酯=0.9∶0.03的诱芯对草地贪夜蛾成虫的引诱效果较好。搭配同种诱芯,船型诱捕器诱蛾量显著高于倒圆锥型、桶型和夜蛾通用型诱捕器;玉米苗期至抽雄期,诱捕器悬挂高度为1m和1.5 m时,引诱效果较好。福建龙海草地贪夜蛾成虫可周年发生,主要发生期在5—11月,2019年在9月下旬和11月上旬出现成虫高峰。秋季播种玉米受害明显重于春季播种玉米,且以拔节期至小喇叭口期被害株率最高。     

草地贪夜蛾不同配方性诱剂诱捕试验

为筛选针对草地贪夜蛾的有效性诱监测与防控材料,在云南巍山玉米田利用6种不同配方的草地贪夜蛾性信息素诱芯进行了田间诱捕试验。结果表明,6种诱芯均可诱集草地贪夜蛾雄成虫,但同时也能引诱到大量的劳氏黏虫。其中,有效成分为顺-9-十四乙酸酯∶顺-7-十二乙酸酯=96.6∶3.4、含量3.0 mg的诱芯对草地贪夜蛾的引诱效果较好,可以进一步应用于草地贪夜蛾监测或防控工作中。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.