晋中盆地典型耕地厚度、土壤养分空间变异

旨在探究旱作区耕地土壤耕层厚度及土壤养分空间格局与变异规律。以晋中盆地典型耕地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对耕地耕层厚度及土壤养分的空间变异进行分析,土壤养分选取有机质、pH、有效磷、缓效钾4个指标。结果表明：（1）各个指标的空间自相关性都是随着距离的增加而减小;（2）有效磷的半变异函数最优模型为高斯模型,其他指标的最优模型均为指数模型。各指标的块金系数由大到小依次为：有机质>有效磷>pH>耕层厚度>缓效钾;（3）耕层厚度、有效磷均为西北高东南低的空间格局,缓效钾为东北高西南低,有机质为西南高东北低,pH除北洸乡偏低外均偏高。地统计方法能良好地描述土壤性质的空间分布和变异特征,各土壤性质的空间变异过程中随机性与结构性并存,并且随机性均小于50%。     

沙冬青豆荚螟-天敌空间分布的地统计学分析

空间分布格局是昆虫种群的重要属性。沙冬青是我国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物,豆荚螟是为害沙冬青种子的主要害虫,研究种子害虫及其天敌的区域性空间分布格局是害虫宏观管理的前提和基础。地统计学是深入研究昆虫种群空间格局的有效方法。2018年5月-6月,选择宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区内沙冬青分布片区,采用地统计学方法,分析了沙冬青种子害虫豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间分布格局。结果显示沙冬青有虫株率为100%,豆荚受害率为23.02%,豆粒受害率为14.11%;沙冬青豆荚螟幼虫的密度为(0.296 9±0.002 0)头/荚,寄生性天敌密度为(0.012 0±0.000 2)头/荚。分别采用不同的理论模型来拟合豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间半变异函数曲线,其全方向半变异函数曲线最优模型分别为高斯模型和球面模型,空间格局均呈聚集分布;害虫和天敌存在一定空间相关性,空间依赖范围分别为88.61～434.05 m和159.05～426.88 m。用Kriging空间插值法对害虫和天敌的空间分布进行模拟,结果呈斑块状分布,二者存在空间依赖性和互补性。天敌对害虫有一定的空间跟随效应和控制效应。     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

盐渍化灌区节水改造后土壤盐分时空变化规律研究

为探明沈乌灌域节水改造后因地下水水位变化造成的土壤盐分重分布规律,采用区域土壤信息定点监测,并结合经典统计学、空间插值、缓冲区分析和空间自相关分析方法,研究节水改造前后沈乌灌域土壤盐分空间变异、时空分布规律及不同改造年限区域土壤盐分变化差异。结果表明:节水改造后,秋浇前土壤整体含盐量平均降幅7. 30%,秋浇水量减少,秋浇后土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱9. 26%;空间上,土壤盐分高值区(大于6 g/kg)多位于地下水埋深较浅的东北和南部区域,低值区(小于2 g/kg)位于西南和东部沙区。节水改造后,秋浇前土壤盐分全局Moran’s I指数平均增幅为5%,空间相关性增强;秋浇水量减少,全局Moran’s I指数变化不显著,秋浇作用对土壤盐分空间自相关影响度减弱。由LISA集聚分析可知,改造后、秋浇前南部高-高显著区向不显著和高-低区转变,秋浇后南部集聚特征仍十分显著,存在盐渍化风险,改造后仍是盐渍化防治重点区域。针对中度耐盐作物,沈乌灌域耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土面积比例分别为49. 66%和71. 57%;改造后,秋浇前耕层作物生长安全区和深层非盐渍土分别增加4. 82、1. 85个百分点,秋浇后,耕层作物生长安全区面积增幅下降5. 02个百分点,深层变化不显著。不同距离缓冲区对平均土壤含盐量的解释能力较强,长期改造区和短期改造区受渠道影响半径分别为1. 5 km和0. 7 km,长期改造区缓冲区内平均土壤含盐量下降速率高于短期改造区,均一化程度较高。综上所述,节水改造工程实施后,土壤盐渍化程度减轻,作物生长安全区面积增加,表聚作用弱化,秋浇水量减少,土壤盐分淋洗效果减弱,土壤环境有所改善。     

基于地统计的额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深空间异质性研究

利用地统计学方法定量研究了额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深的空间异质性.结果表明:额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深分布有较大的空间异质性,地下水位埋深的理论模型为球体模型;额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深主要受结构性因子的影响;地下水位埋深的变程在22.6km左右.地下水位埋深的空间分布总体上表现为从南到北,从西向东逐渐增大的分布格局.局部分布上,...     

Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol

Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (P_ads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict P_ads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10^?6 m³/kg) and P_ads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors.     

Driving forces of soil organic matter change in Jiangsu Province of China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key property determining soil functions and a major form of carbon stored in soil. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of SOM and the driving forces responsible for spatial and temporal changes is important to assess regional soil quality and carbon sequestration potential and, particularly, to establish better practices for land use and management. We evaluated the spatio‐temporal change in SOM content from 1979–1982 to 2006 and its driving forces in Jiangsu Province, East China, using geostatistics. The results showed that mean SOM content increased from 16.60 ± 8.50 to 18.31 ± 8.32 g/kg over a 26‐yr period. The maps of SOM generated by ordinary kriging represented the increasing trend from north to south across the province in the two periods. The level of SOM in 1979–1982 affected the pattern of change: the SOM increasing in areas initially with a small content while decreasing in areas having a large content. The map of SOM change showed that the rate of increase decreased from north to south within the province. Increased fertilizer application promoted crop production with more residual biomass being retained in the soil, which resulted in increased SOM content. Land use changes to paddy, upland or forest improved SOM content, whereas abandoning land reduced SOM content.     

Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Acidity,Electrical Conductivity,Soil Organic Carbon Content and Exchangeable Potassium,Calcium and Magnesium in Some Cropped Acid Soils of India

Land degradation is a global problem. Best management of degraded land can be done by evaluating the spatial variability of soil properties including chemical properties of degraded land and mapping such variations. Since, a significant portion of arable land in India is chemically degraded due to soil acidity; the present study was conducted to study the spatial variability of soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (OC) content, exchangeable potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) contents in some cropped acid soils of India. A total of four hundred (one hundred from each series) representative surface (0–0.15 m depth) soil samples were collected from arable soils representing four soil series namely Hariharapur, Debatoli, Rajpora and Neeleswaram situated in Orissa, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala states of India, respectively, and were analyzed. Soil acidity (pH between 3.90 and 6.45) showed a low variability, in contrast to other soil properties, which showed moderate variability. The coefficients of variation varied from 32.4 to 74.3, 31.2 to 50.9, 45.6 to 100, 71.9 to 93.0 and 59.0 to 79.8% for EC (mean between 0.05 and 0.09 dS m⁻¹), OC (mean between 0.29 to 1.86%), exchangeable K⁺ (mean between 39.1 and 77.7 mg kg⁻¹), Ca²⁺ (mean between 148 and 293 mg kg⁻¹) and Mg²⁺ (mean between 111 and 191 mg kg⁻¹), respectively. Soil pH and OC content were positively and significantly correlated with exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ content. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were gaussian, exponential and spherical for different soil properties with moderate to strong spatial dependency. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型生态系统定位观测样地的土壤性状空间变异性评价

用经典统计分析和地统计学的方法，对中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）临泽站新设置的农田生态系统综合观测场土壤性状的空间分布特性进行研究。结果表明，除pH外，土壤有机碳、全N、速效养分和电导率的变异性均超过20％，有机碳和全N的空间相关距离为13．8m和12．6m，表现出较高的空间异质性。克里格插值结果同样显示土壤各性状在研究的尺度上有明显的空间变异格局。相对误差为10％时采集124个土样才可达到95％的置信水平。作为生态网络长期监测样地，必须按空间异质性对观测场地进行采样分区、匀地过渡，结合克里格插值得出的土壤性状空间分布图，确定更为理想的取样方案。