南瓜饲养榕树粉蚧的发育历期与生物学特征初报

榕树粉蚧是一种重要的入侵害虫,对果蔬和园林植物存在巨大的潜在威胁。为满足开展检疫处理、防控、生物学和生理学等研究的需要,本研究以南瓜为饲养材料,在室温条件下(26±1℃,RH 65%±5%)观察榕树粉蚧的生物学特性与发育历期。结果表明,榕树粉蚧具有典型的雌雄二型现象。雄虫主要经历卵、12龄若虫、预蛹、蛹、雄成虫阶段;雌虫经历卵、13龄若虫、雌成虫(产卵前期、产卵期)阶段,其发育历期(mean±SE)分别为8.51±0.03 d、9.79±0.09 d、7.46±0.10 d、6.52±0.11 d、12.13±0.11 d、8.16±0.11 d,世代发育历期54.4±0.25 d。雌成虫产卵量483651粒,平均550.87±51.07粒,卵期711 d,孵化率95.19%±0.75%。该研究结果表明榕树粉蚧繁殖能力强,应高度重视其防控工作。     

稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系的生物和生态学特征

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang是控制稻飞虱种群暴发的主要寄生性天敌之一，高温是制约其种群动态的重要因子。为了解35℃高温驯化获得的稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系（NR品系）的生防潜力，对不同温度下该品系的发育历期、有效积温、寄主卵选择、产卵量以及极端高温胁迫参数进行了测定。结果发现，与未经高温驯化的稻虱缨小蜂品系（HZ品系）相比，20℃时，NR品系雄蜂的发育速率显著高于HZ品系，这一差异主要表现在卵-幼虫中期和蛹期的发育时间明显缩短。NR品系在高温下能维持正常的产卵能力，35℃下NR品系产卵量仍能达到18.80粒/雌。NR品系有更强的耐极端温度的能力，50℃下NR品系雄蜂的热击倒时间为15.19 min，比HZ品系雄蜂长3.03 min。补充不同营养对NR品系的产卵量存在影响，35℃条件下补充10%蔗糖既能延长其寿命，也能提高产卵量。以上研究结果表明高温驯化得到的稻虱缨小蜂品系在35℃高温环境中能维持正常的生长发育和寄生能力，具备适应稻田夏季高温环境的潜力。     

Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

不同生育阶段燕麦对干旱胁迫的响应

设中度干旱(MD,土壤田间最大持水量的55±5%)、重度干旱(SD,土壤田间最大持水量的35±5%)两个处理,研究干旱胁迫对温室盆栽燕麦不同生育阶段(苗期、分蘖期、拔节期)的生长性状、叶绿素荧光参数以及根系形态的影响。结果表明,与正常供水(CK)相比,干旱胁迫处理均显著(P<0.05)降低了燕麦苗期、分蘖期、拔节期3个生育阶段地上部生物量、株高以及叶片光合荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo。干旱胁迫下,燕麦根系表现出明显的形态可塑性,苗期通过增加根长、分支数和细根数(直径≤0.48mm)来响应干旱胁迫,分蘖期主要通过减少根长、分支数来响应干旱胁迫,拔节期主要通过减缓各级根系的生长并增加根的分级数来响应干旱胁迫。     

罗氏沼虾细胞色素P450家族CYP302a1基因克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达

蜕皮是甲壳动物重要的生理活动,与其蜕皮激素的合成密切相关,细胞色素P450(CYP)302a1是甲壳动物蜕皮激素合成通路中的关键酶之一。本研究克隆了罗氏沼虾CYP302a1基因(Mr-CYP302a1),cDNA全长1859 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1629 bp,编码543个氨基酸(aa),分子量大小为61.09 ku,等电点为8.42。氨基酸序列分析显示CYP302a1基因的保守结构域含有5个P450基因家族特征保守区域:heme-binding、helix-K、helixC、helix-I及PERF。系统进化分析结果显示Mr-CYP302a1首先与绿虾CYP302a1聚为一支,然后与凡纳滨对虾及三疣梭子蟹等十足目甲壳动物的CYP302a1聚为一支,与甲壳动物的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1在罗氏沼虾的多个组织中均有表达,其中在Y器官中的表达量最高,性腺中次之。同时研究发现,MrCYP302a1基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮后期(A期和B期)表达量很低,蜕皮间期(C期)表达量开始上升,在蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。对Mr-CYP302a1进行蛋白表达及多克隆抗体制备,蛋白印迹法(Western blot,WB)检测表明Mr-CYP302a1蛋白在罗氏沼虾Y器官中的表达量最高,在蜕皮过程中的蜕皮前期D1亚期达到峰值。综上所述,该基因在罗氏沼虾的蜕皮过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。     

Abnormal development of genital organs in offspring male mice exposed to finasteride during pregnancy

AIM: To investigate the effects of finasteride exposure during pregnancy on the development of reproductive organs in offspring male mice. METHODS: CD-1 mice were treated with finasteride from 0 to 17 d after conception. The development of reproductive organs in the offspring male mice were observed by macroscopy, anatomical analysis and histological staining. The spermatogenesis was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation showed that fenasteride exposure during pregnancy resulted in external genital malformations in the offspring male mice, which were manifested as incomplete scrotal fusion and penile malformation. In addition, the anogenital distance was significantly shortened (P<0.01). Histological staining showed that the length of penis at each stage was significantly shortened (P<0.01), the density of seminiferous tubules in testis and mature spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the luminal space size of seminiferous tubules and interstitial space size of testises were significantly increased (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the densities of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogonium in testis were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the fluorescence intensity of caspase-3 in spermatogenic tubule cells was increased significantly (P<0.01). However, the fluorescence intensity of Ki67 and desert hedgehog (Dhh) was decreased significantly (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Finasteride exposure during pregnancy results in abnormal development of reproductive organs in offspring male mice and affects spermatogenesis.     

甘蓝型油菜种子萌发期耐铝毒特性综合评价及其种质筛选

种子萌发是油菜植株形态建成的重要阶段,铝毒是酸性土壤中影响其种子萌发的主要因素之一,因此筛选出种子萌发过程中耐铝毒种质对油菜生产及研究具有重要意义。本研究利用5份甘蓝型油菜品种(系)筛选出油菜萌发期耐铝毒种质资源处理的适宜胁迫浓度为90μg mL~(-1)。并以该浓度处理148份甘蓝型油菜品种(系)种子,于萌发期测定其发芽势、发芽率、鲜重、干重、根长和芽长等指标,通过铝毒胁迫耐性综合评价值(A值)、平均隶属函数值(ASF值)、对铝毒加权耐性系数(WAC值)、相关性、频数、主成分、灰色关联度、聚类和逐步回归分析等鉴定萌发期耐铝性,建立萌发期对铝毒耐性综合评价模型并筛选出适宜的评价鉴定指标。结果表明, 148份甘蓝型油菜的萌发期各指标在品种(系)间存在显著差异;筛选出萌发期耐铝毒甘蓝型油菜品种(系) 01188、WH-20、A109、甲预31棚等。根据灰色关联度及回归分析结果认为,在油菜萌发期测定其根长、芽长、鲜重、发芽率和发芽势,通过回归方程估算其A值,可以初步判断甘蓝型油菜种质的耐铝毒特性。     

利用SOM聚类分析及主成分分析方法鉴定小麦品种萌发期耐盐性

为了研究不同小麦品种萌发期的耐盐性,为小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定提供快速、准确的鉴定方法和理论依据。本研究以40个冬小麦品种为试验材料,通过主成分分析法(PCA)与神经网络自组织映射(SOM)聚类分析法,研究盐胁迫对40个小麦品种萌发期各项形态指标的影响。主成分分析法结果表明,发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长及胚芽鞘长在PCA下载荷量最大;根据SOM聚类分析结果,‘德抗961’等4个小麦品种属于高度耐盐品种,‘济麦22’等14个小麦品种属于耐盐性品种,‘济麦20’等16个品种属于中等耐盐性品种,‘鲁麦21’等6个小麦品种属于盐敏感性品种。发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、第一片叶长、胚芽鞘长能够作为萌发期小麦耐盐性筛选的主要评价指标,并且结合主成分、SOM聚类分析方法进行小麦萌发期耐盐性鉴定更为科学、方便。     

木醋液对桃蚜生长繁殖的急慢性效应

为了明确木醋液对桃蚜短、长期影响,以桃蚜为试虫,用100倍稀释木醋液处理小白菜饲养蚜虫,测得桃蚜繁殖发育数据。结果显示,木醋液处理显著缩短桃蚜繁殖期,而F₁代繁殖期比F₀代繁殖期延长37%;F₀代和F₁代产蚜总量与对照组相比分别降低62%和66%;处理组F₁代和F₂代的存活率比对照组降低23%和24%,但F₁代和F₂代之间差异不显著;F₁代寿命缩短25%,F₂代差异不显著。本研究证明木醋液能够缩短桃蚜的繁殖期,延长其若蚜历期,整体缩短桃蚜寿命,降低子代存活率。总之,木醋液对桃蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有一定的抑制作用,但是这种抑制作用会随着施用频次增加而逐渐减弱,即木醋液的短期效应和长期效应存在差异,所以木醋液具有开发为生物农药的价值。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.