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排序方式: 共有118条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Marine Ollier Vincent Talle Anne‐Laure Brisset Zo Le Bihan Simon Duerr Marc Lemmens Ellen Goudemand Olivier Robert Jean‐Louis Hilbert Hermann Buerstmayr 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(1):69-81
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings. 相似文献
2.
Thomas Miedaner Angela G. Schilling Geiger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(1):63-70
Fusarium culmorum is a phytopathogenic, toxigenic fungus causing seedling diseases, foot rot and head blight of cereals. For estimating competition effects in mixtures of two single-spore isolates, two winter rye single crosses were tested with either four isolates individually or four 1 : 1 mixtures of the same isolates in six field environments. Two isolates (FC46, FC64) were highly aggressive deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyl DON-producers, the other two (FC30, FC71) were medium aggressive nivalenol-producers. Rye heads were inoculated during flowering with conidia of pairs of isolates expressing similar (FC46 + FC64, FC30 + FC71) or contrary (FC46 + FC71, FC30 + FC64) levels of aggressiveness and similar or different concentrations and chemotypes of mycotoxins, respectively. Head blight rating and yield components relative to the non-inoculated plots were recorded as aggressiveness traits. Additionally, mycotoxin concentrations were measured in the rye grain. Random pathogen samples were re-isolated from heads at the onset of symptom development and analysed by molecular markers (RAPD–PCR) in one environment. Aggressiveness of the isolate mixtures was significantly lower than that of the isolates applied individually on both rye genotypes. Similarly, mycotoxin concentrations were significantly lower in the mixtures in seven out of eleven comparisons. Among the re-isolates, the component genotypes of a mixture significantly deviated from the inoculated 1 : 1 ratio when a particular isolate (FC46) was present in the mixture. This isolate displayed a superior competitive ability irrespective of the aggressiveness or mycotoxin profile of the mixing partner illustrating that pathogenic fitness is caused by additional factors that have not, as yet, been identified. 相似文献
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为探究高温胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长和致病力的影响, 本研究测定了禾谷镰孢5株耐高温菌株和4株温度敏感型菌株在25℃和30℃下的菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率以及不同胁迫压力下的生长速率、致病力和DON毒素含量等。结果表明, 不论耐高温菌株还是温度敏感型菌株, 30℃高温对其菌丝生长均有抑制作用, 但对产孢量和孢子萌发有促进作用;30℃高温能减轻NaCl和CaCl2胁迫对禾谷镰孢生长的抑制, 但是不影响KCl、刚果红, SDS和H2O2对病原菌的抑制作用;在30℃下, 大部分耐高温菌株的致病力不变或降低, 而大部分温度敏感型菌株的致病力反而增加, 30℃对大部分菌株的DON毒素产量有一定促进作用。研究结果可为研究气候变化下小麦赤霉病的流行和预测提供理论基础。 相似文献
5.
Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus leaching after site preparation at a boreal forest clear-cut area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clear-cutting followed by mechanical site preparation is the major disturbance influencing nutrient and water fluxes in Fennoscandian boreal forests. The effects of soil harrowing on the fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen compounds (organic N, NH4+ and NO3−) and water soluble phosphorus (PO43−) through a podzolic soil were studied in a clear-cut in eastern Finland for 5 years. The old, mixed coniferous stand was clear-cut and stem only harvested in 1996 followed by soil harrowing in 1998 and planting in June 1999. Zero-tension lysimeters were used to collect soil water from below different soil horizons in the three types of microsites that resulted from site preparation treatment: low ridges (25% of clear-cut area), shallow furrows (30%) and the undisturbed soil (45%). After soil harrowing, the leaching of DOC, N and P from below the B-horizon increased compared to pre-treatment levels. However, the increases were short-lasting; 1–2 years for inorganic N and P, and 5 years for DOC and organic N. The highest concentrations were associated with the ridges and lowest with the furrows, reflecting the differences in amount of organic matter present in each microsite type and, for N, to enhanced mineralization and nitrification. Leaching from below the B-horizon over the 5 years following soil harrowing for the whole clear-cut area was 36.5 kg ha−1 for DOC, 0.88 kg ha−1 for NH4-N, 0.46 kg ha−1 for NO3-N, 1.24 kg ha−1 for organic N and 0.09 kg ha−1 for PO4-P. Site preparation increased temporarily the risk for nutrient leaching into watercourses and groundwater from the clear-cut area but soil fertility was not affected since the leached amounts remained small. The main reasons for the observed low leaching values were the rapid recovery of ground vegetation and low N deposition loads. 相似文献
6.
Preparation on the basis of Trichoderma asperellum in the system of biological protection of wheat from Fusarium ear scab 下载免费PDF全文
During the last century, as the area of wheat grown under advanced grain husbandry has increased worldwide, so too has the importance of Fusarium ear scab (FES) (synonym, Fusarium head blight) caused by several species of the fungus Fusarium. Yield losses due to FES can total 20%-40% and more depending on climatic conditions. During the last twenty years epidemics of FES in cereals have become chronic all over the world, including the United States and Russia. The most destructive of t… 相似文献
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Sarah J. Kemmitt David Wright Daniel V. Murphy David L. Jones 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,44(7):933-941
Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and in particular free amino acids represent a key pool in the terrestrial soil C and N cycle.
The factors controlling the rate of turnover of this pool in soil, however, remain poorly understood. We investigated the
factors regulating the rate of amino acid turnover at different depths (up to 1.2 m) in five low-input, acid soil profiles.
Within the root zone (0–60 cm), amino acids constituted 8% of the DON and represented only a small fraction of plant available
N. In all the soil profiles, the rate of amino acid mineralisation decreased progressively with depth. The average half-life
of the exogenously added amino acids in the soil was 5.8 h in topsoils (0–10 cm), falling to 20 h at a depth of 50 cm and
to 33 h at 100 cm. Generally, the rate of amino acid mineralisation correlated positively with total soil C and N, soil microbial
activity (basal soil respiration rate) and soil content. The relatively rapid rates of microbial amino acid assimilation in subsoils below the root zone (>60 cm) indicate
that long-term transport of amino acids (e.g. from soil to freshwaters) will be low. Based upon the C-to-N ratio of the amino
acid substrate and the microbial C assimilation efficiency, we estimate that approximately 40–60% of the amino acid-N will
be excreted as . In conclusion, the rapid rate of free amino acid turnover and their low concentration in soil solution indicate that the
formation of inorganic N ( and ) in soil is limited primarily by the rate of free amino acid appearance in soil and not by the rate of amino acid mineralisation. 相似文献
10.
上向流曝气生物滤池中有机氮沿程转化规律与生物特性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为揭示上向流曝气生物滤池中有机氮沿程转化规律及其微生物特性,优化滤池的设计与运行,以有机氮废水为处理对象,在水力负荷0.329~0.50 5m3/(m2.h)、气水比4-5:1、沿程DO 3.0~5.85 mg/L、不加任何有机碳源的情况下,研究氮元素沿程转化规律.结果表明:曝气生物滤池内有机氮氨化与硝化同步进行,90%以上的溶解性有机氮(DON)转化为NO3-N;滤池沿程各段对于TKN的降解进程(TKN→NH3-N)与NH3-N的硝化进程(NH3-N→NO2-N→NO3-N)一致:微生物总量沿水流方向呈逐渐递减趋势;生物耗氰速率(OUR)沿程逐渐减小,OUR 数量级为101mg/(g·h).该研究可为硝化滤池的设计提供理论依据以及滤池运行参数的优化提供技术支持. 相似文献