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德国林业、环境保护和林业管理体制 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了德国:①先进的林业理论和高度发达的林业现状;②公民良好的环境保护意识和环境保护政策;③目前林业的管理体制、管理机构、管理方式以及林业政策的目标和原则。 相似文献
3.
德国的森林生态环境建设及其启示 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
介绍了德国林业在"近自然林业"理论指导下的森林生态环境建设的历程、特点和成效,以及对我国林业工作的启示. 相似文献
4.
Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background. 相似文献
5.
Ulrich Schraml 《European Journal of Forest Research》2006,125(1):79-88
The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of
research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour
and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with
the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction
of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele,
and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies
for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the
urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists. 相似文献
6.
德国林业体系及森林经营技术与管理 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
通过德国的培训考察,对其林业管理体系与政策、森林经营与理念、生物圈保护、森林公共教育等方面归纳叙述。 相似文献
7.
Nicole?WellbrockEmail author Winfried?Riek Barbara?Wolff 《European Journal of Forest Research》2005,124(4):261-271
Based on the results of the atmospheric deposition classification of the year 1989, a methodical approach should be introduced,
which—based on the modelled total deposition rates—enables us to characterise the input situation of forest monitoring plots
and to delimit load areas in Germany. In 1989, the deposition situation in nearly 1,800 forest monitoring sites (BZE/extensive
Soil Condition Inventory) in Germany could be explained by four factors (or three, excluding sea salt impact) with the help
of a factor analysis. The factor values were grouped into six deposition types with typical compounds and regional patterns.
The classified input rates of the soil inventory plots adequately represent the stress situation and deposition changes in
Germany. The application of the statistical approach on the level of Brandenburg clarifies the special local input situation.
Due to the special combination of deposed elements, the sources of emissions can be characterised as well. When the soil inventory
is repeated, a project planned for 2006, this approach can be used in order to determine homogenous areas for stratified data
evaluation. 相似文献
8.
Long range (or strategic) planning is an important tool for forest management to deal with the complex and unpredictable future.
However, it is the ability to make meaningful predictions about the rapidly changing future that is questioned. What appears
to be particularly neglected is the question of the length of time horizons and the limits (if any) to these horizons, despite
being considered one of the most critical factors in strategic planning. As the future creation of values lies within individual
responsibility, this research empirically explored the limits (if any) of individual foresters’ time horizons. To draw comparisons
between countries with different traditions in forest management planning, data were collected through telephone surveys of
forest managers in the state/national forest services of the Netherlands and Germany. In order to minimize other cultural
differences, the research in Germany concentrated on the federal state of Nordrhein-Westfalen, which has considerable similarities
with the Netherlands, e.g. in topography, forest types and forest functions. The results show that, in practice, 15 years
appears to be the most distant horizon that foresters can identify with. This is in sharp contrast to the time horizons spanning
decades and even generations that are always said to exist in forestry. The “doctrine of the long run”—the faith in the capacity
of foresters to overcome the barriers of the uncertain future and look ahead and plan for long-range goals—which in many countries
still underlies traditional forest management, can therefore be rejected.
相似文献
Heiner SchanzEmail: |
9.
浅谈德国的“近自然森林经营” 总被引:17,自引:1,他引:17
从德国“可持续”森林利用的不同概念、德国不同森林认证体系“经营标准(Management Standards)”的比较实例、德国森林经营和“近自然森林经营”筒史、德国森林资源状况和森林资源的变化、德国有关森林资源的几个基本理念与“近自然森林经营”的主要特征、德国哥廷根市有林“近自然森林经营”实例等6个方面,简要介绍了德国的“近自然森林经营”。 相似文献
10.
Thomas?HolstEmail author Helmut?Mayer Dirk?Schindler 《European Journal of Forest Research》2004,123(1):13-28
Within the framework of an interdisciplinary project on the effects of climate and forest management on beech-dominated deciduous forests (Swabian Jura, south-western Germany), forest meteorological investigations are carried out to analyse the influences of exposure and canopy density on the microclimate within various beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.). This second paper of the series Microclimate within beech stands focuses on the thermal conditions that exist mainly in the near-surface layer at different test plots. They were analysed by air temperature, Ta, (at 1.5 m a.g.l) and soil temperature, Ts, at six depths measured continuously in the period 1999–2003. The main results can be summarized as follows. (1) The thermal situation within the beech stands described by Ta depended primarily on the turbulent air-mass exchange conditions which were based on the slope-specific energy balance of the forest floor and advective heat fluxes. (2) The thermal situation within the soil described by Ts at 3 and 20 cm depth was governed by the molecular heat transport. Therefore, the heating and cooling rates of Ts were always lower than for Ta. Higher Ta and Ts values for the test plots on the SW slope showed that the thermal conditions within the beech stands depended primarily on the exposure. (3) Based on slope-specific differences of daily extremes of Ta and Ts at 3 cm depth between the silviculturally treated and control plots, the influence of the more pronounced height growth of the understorey vegetation under the near-surface thermal conditions could be clearly verified for the NE slope.Abbreviations PAR Photosynthetically active radiation - PAI Plant area index - LAI Leaf area index 相似文献