Energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon reveal the importance of piscivory to short‐term growth during early marine residence

Variation in prey quantity and quality can influence growth and survival of marine predators, including anadromous fish that migrate from freshwater systems. The objective of this study was to examine the energy dynamics of subyearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) following freshwater emigration. To address this objective, a population of Chinook salmon and their marine prey were repeatedly sampled from June to September over 2 years in coastal waters off Oregon and Washington. Subyearlings from the same population were also reared under laboratory conditions. Using a bioenergetics model evaluated in the laboratory, we found that growth rate variability in the field was associated more with differences in northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) consumption and less with variation in diet energy density or ocean temperature. Highest growth rates (2.43–3.22% body weight/day) occurred in months when anchovy biomass peaked, and the timing of peak anchovy biomass varied by year. Our results support a general pattern among subyearling Chinook salmon occurring from Alaska to California that feeding rates contribute most to growth rate variability during early marine residence, although dominant prey types can differ seasonally, annually, or by ecosystem. In the northern California Current, faster growth appears to be associated with the availability of age‐0 anchovy. Identifying factors that influence the seasonal development of the prey field and regulate prey quantity and quality will improve understanding of salmon growth and survival during early marine residence.     

单桩张网菱形、方形网目网囊选择性研究

近年来,一种利用帆布作为扩张装置的新型单桩张网渔具在吕四渔场得到了快速发展。为了改善这种张网对主要渔获对象的尺寸选择性,进而评价其渔获性能以及对渔业资源的影响,使用套网试验法开展了不同网目尺寸(25 mm、35 mm和45 mm)的菱形和方形网目网囊尺寸选择性试验。通过对黄鲫(Setipinnataay)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获体长数据的选择性分析,结果显示,无论是菱形还是方形网目网囊,其50%选择体长L50和选择范围SR都随着网目尺寸的增大而增大(L50呈线性增长)。对比菱形和方形网目的选择性发现,对于黄鲫,50%选择体长L50差异不大,但菱形网目的选择范围SR大于方形网目;对于小黄鱼,方形网目具有更好的选择特性,即具有较大的L50(8%)和较小的SR(52%),但差异均不显著。菱形和方形网目对于不同体型鱼类的选择性差异以及渔民对方形网目网囊的抵触情绪等都使得在张网渔业中推广方形网目网囊值得商榷。     

Age‐dependent distribution of juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) on the continental shelf off southwest Australia determined by acoustic monitoring

Juvenile southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii, SBT) were monitored in nearshore waters off southwest Australia using acoustic tagging and monitoring over five austral summers (2002/2003–2006/2007) to determine patterns in age‐based distribution of SBT. A total of 20–70 receivers were deployed in early December along one to three cross‐shelf transects and at three inshore topographic features (lumps) where SBT are known to occur; and a total of 59–84 juvenile SBT (41–90 cm fork length) were tagged and released each year. After several months, receivers were recovered, and data extracted. In 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, 2‐yr‐old SBT were detected more frequently in nearshore areas than did 1‐yr old fish. Similarly in 2004/2005 and 2006/2007, it was the larger 1‐yr‐old SBT that were detected more frequently at inshore lumps (>85% of detections) while small 1‐yr‐old SBT were detected more widely over the study area. In 2005/2006, although large 1‐yr‐old SBT were still detected more frequently at inshore lumps than small 1‐yr old SBT, the percentage of all detections at lumps was lower at 31.5%, indicating wider distribution of both small and large age‐1 fish. The observed age‐dependent distribution pattern may be enhanced by the distribution of prey, which disperse or concentrate depending on the local oceanography.     

近海捕捞能力控制中税费的作用模拟与费率设计

在用数据包络分析法系统计量中国近海捕捞能力与能力利用度的基础上,建立了捕捞能力与收入间、能力利用度与捕捞能力间以及单位捕捞能力收益与能力利用度间的数量关系,并据此模拟分析了1996-2005年按每吨捕捞能力征收不同税费可能对捕捞能力的影响。结果显示：若在现有其他渔业管理措施不变的情况下,连续十年按每吨捕捞能力收费100元,约可以进一步缩减原捕捞能力的40％,可见在近海捕捞渔业管理中考虑引入税费制度是有意义的。研究发现：对海洋渔业征收税费能够提高捕捞行业的整体效率,但要使税费制度确实起到保护渔业资源的作用,费率不应过低。随后,利用规划求解方法研究按既定目标控制捕捞能力的最优费率的求解方法,可为税费政策中有效费率的制定提供参考。最后,根据收费与征税的差别,提出了对我国近海渔业捕捞能力开征渔业资源保护费的具体建议。     

海南岛南部海域沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

通过对海南岛南部近岸海域49个表层沉积物的重金属元素含量的分析,结合沉积物的粒度组成特征,探讨了重金属可能的来源并评价了重金属的污染状况和潜在生态风险。结果表明,表层沉积物以砂和粉砂为主,砾石和黏土含量相对较少。重金属平均含量较低,最高是Zn元素,为38.98 mg/kg,大部分属于国家海洋沉积物一类标准。除As元素之外,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr和Hg 6种重金属元素之间具有明显的正相关性,与粉砂和黏土等细颗粒沉积物也具有显著的正相关。潜在生态危害指数的评价结果显示,海南岛南部近岸表层沉积物中的重金属对海洋生态系统的危害非常轻微,不同重金属元素的潜在生态危害系数大小顺序为AsHgCdPbCuCrZn,其潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为14.55,属于轻微的潜在生态危害。     

Biochemical Properties and Stability of Antioxidative Activity of Half-Fin Anchovy (Setipinna taty) Fermented Product

The aim of this work was to investigate the biochemical properties of fermented product of half-fin anchovy (HAFP; Setipinna taty) made by Natto bacillus fermentation—including molecular weight distribution, amino acid composition, solubility, foaming, and emulsifying profiles. Furthermore, the influences of thermal processing, pH alteration, and in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion on the antioxidative stability of HAFP in terms of the scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazayl (DPPH) radical were evaluated. Results showed that HAFP contained small peptides (< 1,500 Da) and free amino acids. The amounts of essential amino acids and flavor amino acids were 155.219 and 178.636 mg/g of dry HAFP, respectively. Moreover, HAFP contained high levels of antioxidative and hydrophobic amino acids. In suitable pH values, HAFP exhibited good solubility, foaming, and emulsifying properties. The antioxidative activity of HAFP on the scavenging DPPH radical increased after thermal processing. Furthermore, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of HAFP was enhanced slightly or dramatically after being treated under pH values from 3 to 6, or in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. It can be concluded that HAFP could have potential application in foods as a natural antioxidative ingredient.     

舟山近海黄姑鱼胚胎发育及前期仔鱼形态的观察

通过对黄姑鱼胚胎发育全过程的连续观察,描述了黄姑鱼胚胎发育的特征、发育速度及前期仔鱼的形态特征等。观察结果表明,黄姑鱼的胚胎发育与其它硬骨鱼浮性卵鱼类基本相似,属端黄卵,盘状分裂。在水温22.0~22.5℃、盐度26.5的条件下,黄姑鱼受精卵经24h15m in孵出仔鱼。初孵仔鱼全长1.75±0.09mm,孵出后约50h,卵黄囊完全被吸收。     

完善海洋伏季休渔制度的探讨——基于东海与浙江省的实践

海洋伏季休渔制度是目前我国最重要的海洋渔业资源保护管理制度,已经成为我国养护海洋生物资源、建设海洋生态文明、促进海洋渔业可持续发展的重要举措。通过对东海与浙江省伏季休渔制度历次完善情况进行梳理和比较,探讨完善伏季休渔制度。结果表明,东海伏季休渔制度调整的特点是延长休渔时间、增加休渔作业类型及细化休渔海域,浙江省的特点是规定了"定置作业"和"帆式张网作业"伏季休渔时间、保护区休禁渔、针对特定生物资源的休禁渔及捕捞辅助船纳入休禁渔范围;与东海伏季休渔制度内容相比,浙江省在保护区休渔、保护特定生物资源休渔和捕捞辅助船实施休禁渔管理等方面具有突出特点,并为从建设海洋生物保护区、延长休禁渔时间、管理捕捞辅助船等方面完善伏季休渔制度提供了有益的启示。在常规性伏季休渔期基础上,提出设立终年渔业禁捕区、特殊鱼类资源休禁渔期、临时性休禁渔期等多元化海洋休禁渔制度的建议。     

湛江近海海域裸体方格星虫消化系统的剖析

本文为探索湛江近海海域裸体方格星虫的消化系统特点,以湛江近海海域裸体方格星虫为材料,对其消化道的形态和组织学进行了切片剖析。结果表明,裸体方格星虫消化系统由口、咽、食道、肠、直肠、盲肠和肛门等组成;在直肠上附有直肠盲囊,其消化道约为体长的2.5倍,肠道通过3个回折及螺旋缠绕形成肠索;消化道管壁由内向外分为黏膜层、黏膜下层和浆膜层,黏膜层有大量的皱褶,没有连续肌肉层,而黏膜下层由结缔组织组成,含有肌纤维和血管神经等;裸体方格星虫消化道有发达的纤毛,直肠盲囊连接于直肠末端,里面充满黄色液体。     

Transport and environmental temperature variability of eggs and larvae of the Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) and Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the western North Pacific estimated via numerical particle-tracking experiments

Numerical particle-tracking experiments were performed to investigate the transport and variability in environmental temperature experienced by eggs and larvae of Pacific stocks of the Japanese anchovy ( Engraulis japonicus ) and Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) using high-resolution outputs of the Ocean General Circulation Model for the Earth Simulator (OFES) and the observed distributions of eggs collected from 1978 to 2004. The modeled anchovy individuals tend to be trapped in coastal waters or transported to the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region. In contrast, a large proportion of the sardines are transported to the Kuroshio Extension. The egg density-weighted mean environmental temperature until day 30 of the experiment was 20–24°C for the anchovy and 17–20°C for the sardine, which can be explained by spawning areas and seasons, and interannual oceanic variability. Regression analyses revealed that the contribution of environmental temperature to the logarithm of recruitment per spawning (expected to have a negative relationship with the mean mortality coefficient) was significant for both the anchovy and sardine, especially until day 30, which can be regarded as the initial stages of their life cycles. The relationship was quadratic for the anchovy, with an optimal temperature of 21–22°C, and linear for the sardine, with a negative coefficient. Differences in habitat areas and temperature responses between the sardine and anchovy are suggested to be important factors in controlling the dramatic out-of-phase fluctuations of these species.