潮间带沉积物中重金属污染评价及生物有效性研究进展

潮间带是一个典型的环境脆弱带和敏感带,极易受到人类活动的破坏.潮间带重金属除了直接对潮间带生物有影响外,还可以通过过食物链的富集和放大作用影响人类健康,同时由于潮间带水动力和生物活动的影响,造成重金属的重新分布和释放,产生重金属的"二次污染",直接危害近岸环境.开展重金属元素在潮间带沉积物中含量、赋存形态、污染评价及其生物有效性已成为目前环境科学领域中十分重要的研究内容和任务,国内外学者均对河流沉积物重金属污染开展了大量的研究.文章从这4个方面阐述了潮间带沉积物重金属研究进展,以期为潮间带沉积物重金属研究提供一定的参考.     

文蛤滩涂养殖海域水体有机污染综合评价

分别于2010年3月(冬季)、5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)调查了江苏省南通沿岸的文蛤滩涂养殖区内10个站位的水体中COD、无机氮、活性磷酸盐以及DO的时空分布,并选用海洋有机污染评价指数法、单项指标评价法、富营养化指数法以及潜在富营养化指数法对调查海域的有机污染状况和富营养化水平进行了评价。结果表明,5月(春季)水质已经受到严重的有机污染和重度富营养化状况。但整个海域周年水质则受到轻度有机污染,水质状况总体上处于中度富营养化水平,同时还受到不同程度的磷限制潜在性富营养影响。     

兴化湾潮间带大型底栖生物群落生态研究

分别于2005年11月(秋季)和2006年5月(春季)两个季节,在兴化湾潮间带4条断面取样,共鉴定大型底栖生物189种.其中,多毛类、甲壳类和软体动物占总种数的90.5％,是该海域的主要优势类群.优势种主要有寡鳃卷吻沙蚕(Nephtys oligobranchia)、中蚓虫(Mediomastus sp.)、异蚓虫(Heteromastus sp.)、珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithideopsilla cingulata)和侧理蛤(Theora lata)等.平均栖息密度和生物量分别为326 ind/m2和32.35 g/m2.空间分布上,栖息密度和生物量的垂直分布次序为:中潮区＞低潮区＞高潮区,水平分布具有湾内向湾口递减的趋势;对比两个季节,春季的平均栖息密度和生物量均大于秋季.群落结构分析显示,兴化湾潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构不稳定,群落发生扰动.     

滩涂养殖牡蛎死亡及生态环境效应调查研究

滩涂养殖牡盛死亡高峰发生在８月中旬至９月中旬，高死亡区主要分布在潮间带的潮区，特别是低潮时因滩面不平存有少量积水的取样区，死亡率高达８４％以上，造成死亡的环境因素主要是由于夏季的高温所致，８月中旬观测到低潮时滩涂泥温最高可达３５．８℃。     

胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻种类组成及其生物量变化

2004年2月至2005年3月对胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻的种类、数量和叶绿素a、脱镁叶绿素a的含量及其变化进行了研究。结果显示,胶州湾红岛潮间带底栖微藻种类比较单一,仅鉴定出硅藻和甲藻2门,共有7属10种,其中硅藻门5属8种,甲藻门2属2种,其中圆筛藻属Coscinodis-cus的种类最多,有4种。从数量来看,舟形藻Naviculasp.的数量最高,占底栖微藻总量的24.6%,其次是曲舟藻(Pleurosigmasp.),占底栖微藻总量的15.8%,中心圆筛藻Coscinodiscus centralis和多甲藻Peridiniumsp.的数量最少,均占总量的1.8%。底栖微藻的个体数量为303～226364cell/m2,年平均数量为22685cell/m2。季节变化明显,冬季和春季数量高于夏季和秋季,冬季最高,夏季最低。各站叶绿素a的含量变化基本和底栖微藻的数量变化一致,表现为冬季和春季高,夏季和秋季低,而脱镁叶绿素a的含量变化刚好相反。叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素a的含量均随取样深度的增加而减少,但叶绿素a的含量在0～15mm的深度内急剧降低,而后维持在较低的含量,相比之下,脱镁叶绿素a的含量降低比较缓慢。     

潮间带滩涂颗粒有机碎屑生物组成及其游离氨基酸分析

福建省福宁湾潮间带滩涂表层粉砂质粘土海泥中含有丰富的颗粒有机碎屑和粉砂颗粒。有机碎屑颗粒大小悬殊,其长径5.3～95.0μm,平均46.08±27.52μm。粉砂颗粒粒径4.0～37.0μm,平均17.18±9.63μm。具有生物群落的颗粒有机碎屑包含拟铃虫(细弱拟铃虫、圆钝拟铃虫、肿状拟铃虫、百乐拟铃虫和妥肯丁拟铃虫)、底栖硅藻(圆筛藻、斜纹藻、布纹藻、舟形藻、斑条藻、卵形藻、菱形藻和筒柱藻)和细菌(微球菌密度7.728×109个细胞/g～13.136×109个细胞/g),偶见许水蚤卵粒和海洋线虫。应用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定了颗粒有机碎屑的游离氨基酸含量,其总量为385.3～569.7μmol/kg,平均473.24±62.40μmol/kg。15种游离氨基酸中以甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸和丙氨酸含量较高,其百分组成分别为16.41%、15.95%、13.32%、7.29%、6.96%和6.91%。研究结果表明,在潮间带滩涂形成了颗粒有机碎屑、细菌(微球菌)、微型硅藻、原生动物(拟铃虫)和大弹涂鱼的食物链营养关系。     

福建海岛潮间带软体动物种类组成与分布

福建海岛潮间带软体动物鉴定248种,绝大多数为暖水性种类。种类组成以瓣鳃类(120种)和腹足类(114种)占绝对优势。不同底质生态类型的软体动物的种数依次为岩相93种,泥沙滩83种,泥滩55种,沙滩36种,红树林区6种;生物量大小依序为岩相943.89g/m~2、泥沙滩 51.64g/m~2、泥滩 38.68g/m~2和沙滩 9.07g/m~2;栖息密度大小依序为岩相956.8个/m~2、泥滩 92.5个/m~2、泥沙滩 25.9个/m~2、沙滩 22.1个/m~2。种类分布的总体特点是:南部海岛多于北部海岛,外海海岛多于近岸内湾河口的海岛;生物数量分布的总体特点是:近岸内湾、河口的海岛大于外海的海岛。本文还对海岛潮间带软体动物资源的开发作了若干探讨。     

Classification of soils supporting mangrove plantation in Kuwait

The State of Kuwait has initiated an ambitious national program to establish greenery in 20000 ha of open spaces in inland and coastal areas. Afforestation of intertidal zones with mangrove plants is being considered as a viable option for greening coastal areas. In view of this fact, experimental plantations were established using two ecotypes of Avicennia marina (Bahrain and UAE) and one ecotype of Avicennia germinans (Florida). The study consisted of two 10-year old plantations and two 2-year old plantations. Seedlings established successfully and grew vigorously on some of the locations within the site. Therefore, studies were conducted during 2002-2003 to describe and classify soils that supported maximum mangrove establishment and growth under the harsh arid coastal conditions of Kuwait. For this purpose, eight soil profiles (four each representing areas where seedlings established successfully and grew vigorously and where all seedlings died in the initial stages of establishment) were investigated and classified according to the soil taxonomy. The main soil types observed in the study site were: Typic Aquisalids, Typic/sodic Aquicambids and Calcic Aquisalids. Mangrove growth performance in relation to the landform, soil type and properties of the soil at various depths is discussed in the paper. The plant growth appeared to be the better on the typic Aquisalid soil than that on the Typic/sodic Aquicambid soils. The relative proportions of the coarse sand fraction, occurrence of the anaerobic layer in the profile and the surface layer salinity influenced both the establishment and growth of mangrove plants.     

Interplay between physical and predator landscapes affects transferability of shorebird distribution models

Coastal landscapes with extensive intertidal mudflats provide non-breeding habitat for Arctic shorebirds. Few attempts have been made to develop and test landscape-level models predicting the intertidal distribution of these birds. We modelled the distribution of a Holarctic species, Dunlin (Calidris alpina), at a hemispherically important non-breeding site, the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, Canada, in seasons with different predator landscapes. We trained the models during a season when nocturnal predators were common and tested temporal transferability of the models on independent datasets when nocturnal predators were absent. Snowy Owls (Nyctea scandiaca) influenced Dunlin distribution and thus model transferability. After accounting for their presence, models displayed good to excellent discrimination, i.e. prediction of the instantaneous and cumulative (over low tide period) probability of mudflat use by Dunlin, in fore- and backcasting applications. Model calibration was good or else, where over-prediction was observed, the reason for the bias was identified. The distribution models may predict mudflat use by Dunlin and possibly related species given relevant data describing the intertidal landscape. The models are amenable to GIS application, describe the amount of use per hectare of the intertidal zone and can be used to determine and visualise relative and absolute suitability of intertidal areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

清澜港红树林植被类型数量分类

通过对研究地区的路线调查和样地调查、Cluster Analysis聚类、NMDS排序,分析海南岛清澜港潮间带植被类型及群落的空间分布,研究潮间带植被群落在空间上的分布规律。结果表明:①Cluster Analysis聚类、NMDS排序的结果显示,可将清澜港地区51个样地划分为1个植被类型组、1个植被类型、2个群系组和7个群系,不同群系在物种组成和立地条件上均有差异;②从排序的结果可以看出群落和环境的关系,NMDS排序轴的第一轴上呈现清澜港植被群落在潮间带上的水平带状分布特征,在排序轴的第二轴上呈现植被群落受潮位控制,在空间上成规律的梯度分布状态。