不同吸附特性的稻草生物炭对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响

秸秆生物炭具有改善土壤生态环境、土壤蓄水保肥和减少温室气体排放等正效应,但其石灰效应会加大稻田氨挥发损失。为充分发挥生物炭吸铵特性,降低其石灰效应的不利影响,对不同热解温度(300、500、700℃)和酸化水平(pH值=5、7、9)稻草生物炭处理下的田面水NH_4~+-N浓度、氨挥发和水稻产量进行了研究。结果表明:偏酸性(pH值=5)、中性(p H值=7)生物炭处理在基肥期和分蘖肥期均能显著降低田面水NH_4~+-N峰值浓度(P0.05),降幅达16.90%～35.60%。全生育期稻田氨挥发损失占施氮量的15.14%～26.05%(2019年)、15.10%～19.00%(2020年)。稻田增施热解温度为700℃、酸化水平为5(p H值=5)的生物炭(C700P5)降氨效果最好,两年氨挥发分别显著降低22.93%、12.61%(P0.05)。高温热解配合偏酸性、中性生物炭(C700P5、C700P7)增产效果显著,增产率达9.92%～13.50%,结构方程模型表明,其增产原因是生物炭酸化处理降低了稻草生物炭的石灰效应,而热解温度调整提高了生物炭阳离子交换量(CationExchange Capacity,CEC),进而降低了田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和氨挥发损失,最终提高了水稻地上部氮素积累和水稻产量。研究可揭示不同热解温度和酸化水平制备的生物炭在稻田中的应用潜力,并为稻田合理施用生物炭和减少化肥施用量提供理论依据。     

2020年通辽市开鲁县气候影响评价

本文采用统计分析方法，对2020年开鲁县国家基准气候站采集的气温、降水、日照等基本气象要素数据和相应历年值进行对比分析，并对局地大风、暴雪等重大灾害性天气进行综合分析，并根据分析结果，作出气候对生产生活影响的综合评价。结果表明，2020年气候条件对全县农业生产及人们的生活有利有弊。     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

南京地区一次罕见锋前增温天气过程分析

2020年11月18日,我国南京地区出现了罕见的增温异常,利用常规气象资料和11月16日至20日ERA5逐小时1000 hPa至300 hPa的散度、位势高度、气温、水平风和垂直速度等再分析资料,根据高低空的天气系统的配置和槽脊移动的过程,结合散度、暖平流等天气学原理的相关知识分析冷锋过境前的基本环流形势,并主要结合热力学一级能量方程(温度倾向方程)对影响本次增温天气过程的因子进行了评估分析。结果表明:在这次增温中,温度平流和非绝热加热的贡献占主导作用,前者由于西南暖湿气流带来,后者与冷空气把原来占主导地位的暖气团迅速挤压到狭窄区域聚集增温有关;而垂直运动不是最显著的影响因子。     

毛竹销（钉）的高速旋转摩擦焊接性能研究

选取毛竹销钉替代木榫在1 500 r/min的情况下与榉木基材进行旋转摩擦焊接，对其抗拉强度和焊接机理进行研究。重点研究不同形状的预钻孔和不同榫径与孔径比值下的竹销钉焊接抗拉拔强度，并将其与木榫焊接和PVAc胶接的抗拉强度进行对比。结果表明:1）当采用恒定直径孔10/9、10/8、10/7、10/6 4种榫径/孔径比的焊接强度均高于PVAc胶接强度，但低于木荷榫和榉木榫的焊接强度，其中10/8的榫径/孔径比的焊接强度相对最高，达到了5.54 MPa；2）当采用渐变直径孔，竹销钉的焊接强度得到明显提高。其中10/8-6的榫径/渐变孔径比值取得了最高的焊接强度，达到6.42 MPa，比10/8比值的强度提高了15.6%，超过了木荷榫的焊接强度，但不及榉木榫的焊接强度；通过对竹销钉的焊接界面温度进行监测，发现焊接界面能在2 s内达到300℃以上的峰值高温，且维持了一定的高温时间（通常约2～3 s），随后随着竹销停止旋转摩擦，温度逐步下降；不同的榫径与孔径比值下，焊接界面的升温速率、峰值温度和高温持续的时间不同，它们是产生强度差异的主要原因；SEM观察结果显示，竹销旋转摩擦焊接界面由竹销或基材中的胞间层物质软化、熔化和流动并与作为增强材料的竹纤维包裹，形成了犹如“钢筋水泥土”结构般的致密、连续和坚固的焊接界面；FTIR分析结果表明，摩擦产生的高温会导致竹销中半纤维素发生一定程度的降解，纤维素的降级十分有限，木质素发生一定程度的缩合反应，木质素的含量相对提高。试验结果表明，将竹销钉代替木榫用于木材的旋转摩擦焊接是可行的。     

Change features of time-series climate variables from 1962 to 2016 in Inner Mongolia,China

Detecting change features of climate variables in arid/semi-arid areas is essential for understanding related climate change patterns and the driving and evolution mechanism between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems.This paper takes Inner Mongolia of China,a unique arid/semi-arid ecosystem,as the study area.We first detected trend features of climate variables using the linear trend analysis method and then detected their trend-shift features using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method based on the time-series of monthly precipitation and monthly mean temperature datasets from 1962 to 2016.We analyzed the different change features of precipitation and temperature on a regional scale and in different ecological zones to discover the spatial heterogeneity of change features.The results showed that Inner Mongolia has become warmer-wetter during the past 54 years.The regional annual mean temperature increased 0.4°C per decade with a change rate of 56.2%.The regional annual precipitation increased 0.07 mm per decade with a slightly change rate of about 1.7%,but the trend was not statistically significant.The warmer trend was contributed by the same positive trend in each season,while the wetter trend was contributed by the negative trend of the summer precipitation and the positive trend of the other three seasons.The regional monthly precipitation series had a trend-shift pattern with a structural breakpoint in the year 1999,while the regional monthly mean temperature series showed an increasing trend without a periodical trend-shift.After the year 2000,the warmer-wetter trend of the climate in Inner Mongolia was accelerated.The late 20th century was a key period,because the acceleration of the wetter trend in some local zones(I and II)and the alleviation of the warmer trend in some local zones(Ⅶ,Ⅷand IX)occurred simultaneously.Moreover,the change features had a strong spatial heterogeneity,the southeastern and southwestern of Inner Mongolia went through a warmer-drier trend compared with the other areas.The spatio-temporal heterogeneity of the climate change features is a necessary background for various types of research,such as regional climate change,the evolution of arid/semi-arid ecosystems,and the interaction mechanisms between climate and arid/semi-arid ecosystems based on earth-system models in Inner Mongolia.     

稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系的生物和生态学特征

稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang是控制稻飞虱种群暴发的主要寄生性天敌之一，高温是制约其种群动态的重要因子。为了解35℃高温驯化获得的稻虱缨小蜂耐热品系（NR品系）的生防潜力，对不同温度下该品系的发育历期、有效积温、寄主卵选择、产卵量以及极端高温胁迫参数进行了测定。结果发现，与未经高温驯化的稻虱缨小蜂品系（HZ品系）相比，20℃时，NR品系雄蜂的发育速率显著高于HZ品系，这一差异主要表现在卵-幼虫中期和蛹期的发育时间明显缩短。NR品系在高温下能维持正常的产卵能力，35℃下NR品系产卵量仍能达到18.80粒/雌。NR品系有更强的耐极端温度的能力，50℃下NR品系雄蜂的热击倒时间为15.19 min，比HZ品系雄蜂长3.03 min。补充不同营养对NR品系的产卵量存在影响，35℃条件下补充10%蔗糖既能延长其寿命，也能提高产卵量。以上研究结果表明高温驯化得到的稻虱缨小蜂品系在35℃高温环境中能维持正常的生长发育和寄生能力，具备适应稻田夏季高温环境的潜力。