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对山东沿海地区6市29县1975~2010年的大豆品种、总产量和栽培面积进行调查和分析。结果表明,期间该地区大豆单产增加显著,栽培面积和总产量经历了先降低后增加再降低三个发展阶段,年际间的变幅大且整体表现出下降趋势。通过栽培品种统计发现,大豆大产量(总产量≥104t)栽培品种虽然数量较少,但其占总产量之比大,对推动山东省大豆产业发展以及丰富我国大豆种质资源具有重要的作用与意义。  相似文献   
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以海南中部山区的草地、灌丛、次生林和原始林为演替系列,研究植被演替过程中群落结构多样性与物种多样性的变化规律。结果表明,群落演替过程中植物科属种数、总体Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数、乔灌木层的Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数及垂直结构多样性指数都显著增大;群落结构多样性指数分别与群落植物科属种数、总体alpha物种多样性指数、灌木层和乔木层物种alpha多样性指数都显著正相关。通过恢复演替,植被复杂性和质量都呈增大趋势。  相似文献   
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不同养殖年份鱼塘底泥细菌群落多样性及演替分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探究不同养殖年份的鱼塘底泥中细菌多样性及演替关系,通过构建16S rRN A基因文库,比较分析养殖1年和养殖4年池塘底泥样品细菌的群落构成,分别由养殖1年和养殖4年文库获得145和172个克隆子,香农—威纳多样性指数分别为2.37和2.22,辛普森优势度指数分别为9.36和7.58,覆盖度指数分别为100%和93.3%。 Prolixibacter (34/145)、荚硫菌属(17/145)、浮霉菌属(15/145)和脱硫微菌属(12/145)为养殖1年样品优势菌群,长绳菌属(41/172)、Prolixibacter (31/172)、黄色单胞菌属(22/172)、Cetobacterium (21/172)和噬纤维菌属(15/172)为养殖4年样品优势菌群。养殖1年和养殖4年文库细菌菌群结构在种分类水平上的相似度系数为0.6171。由此可知,养殖池塘底泥中蕴含着复杂的微生物群落体系,长期的积累促使该微生物群落发生了演替。  相似文献   
5.
A shortage of available livestock for utilizing grassland biomass in Central Europe is challenging for the management of both semi‐natural grasslands and previously intensified (limed, fertilized and reseeded) upland grasslands. An alternative method of grassland management is mulching, in which aboveground biomass is cut, crushed and subsequently spread on the surface. This paper reports on an experiment to compare three different mulching frequencies (one, two and three times per year) with an unmanaged treatment and traditional management of two cuts per year (control) on a previously improved upland meadow. Plant species composition was monitored over 13 years. Traditional management of two cuts with biomass removal was the most suitable method for maintaining plant species richness and diversity, and both were reduced significantly in the once‐mulched and especially in the unmanaged treatment. Tall dicotyledonous weeds such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense and Aegopodium podagraria were promoted by the unmanaged treatment and by mulching once a year. Higher frequency of defoliation had positive effects on the spread of short forbs such as Taraxacum spp., Plantago lanceolata and Trifolium repens. After eight years, there were changes in sward structure in the unmanaged and mulched‐once‐a‐year treatments, with increase in the tall/short species ratio. In conclusion, repeated mulching cannot substitute fully for traditional two‐cut management in improved upland meadows without decreasing plant species richness and diversity, and changing the sward structure. Although mulching once a year may prevent invasion by shrubs and trees, it also supports the spread of weedy species similar to no management.  相似文献   
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基于个体植物生长模型的森林动态演替模拟   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
森林动态演替过程的计算模拟历来是森林生态学中的一个重要问题。不同于传统宏观式的模拟思路,本文提出了一种基于个体植物生长模型、自下而上的模拟方法。首先构建了参数化的个体植物生长模型,模型中考虑了植物内部属性、外部环境、邻域竞争3种对植物生长有影响的因素,综合模拟出植物在不同环境状况下的生长变化情况。在此基础上,对构成一片森林的大量植物个体进行遍历式、迭代化的计算,从而模拟出整片森林区域的生长演替现象。实验结果表明,本文方法可以模拟出植被在复杂外部环境影响下的动态变化效果,可表现出自然稀疏、物种竞争、物种演替等多种典型的植被演替现象。   相似文献   
8.
对连城县18个乡镇的天然林面积和树种组成分析表明:全县天然林面积比例为72.64%,以针叶树种为主的天然林占57.75%,纯阔叶林仅占4.89%;不同针阔比例的天然林面积,随着阔叶树比例增加呈递减趋势;全县天然林阔叶树权重为0.4,乡镇间存在较大差异;通过聚类分析,18个乡镇被划分为4个不同天然林阔叶树比例类型;综合评价认为,全县天然林比例大,阔叶树种丰富,但干扰严重,天然林面积呈减小趋势,森林结构退化,个别地段出现逆行演替。  相似文献   
9.
Because of their rapidly changing vegetation dynamics and harsh environmental conditions, roadside prairies in semi-arid regions represent an exceptional study system in which to investigate the effects of plant-soil interactions on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-year field experiment on two roadside embankments in semi-arid central Spain differing in construction age to answer the following questions: (i) do commonly used restoration treatments (hydroseeding, fertilization and irrigation) affect soil microbial functional diversity and processes related to soil functioning (basal respiration, total N and P and in situ N availability rate)? (ii) what portion of plant effects on processes related to soil functioning is mediated indirectly by microbial functional diversity? Except for a small and negative irrigation effect on the microbial functional diversity in the three-year old site, the restoration treatments employed did not affect this variable. Fertilization increased plant diversity, an effect likely mediated by the enhanced soil nutrient availability with this treatment at early stages of secondary succession. In contrast, hydroseeding did not affect processes related to soil functioning. The total effect of the plant community on these processes was higher than that of the microbial functional diversity alone, suggesting that the studied slopes are to the greater extent regulated by plants. However, soil microbes are a key proximate influence in the system, as the indirect effects of plant community on soil functioning processes mediated by soil microbes represented 37-41% of the total plant effects observed. Our results indicate that the restoration of recently built slopes can potentially be improved with treatments that promote plant compositional shifts, such as fertilization, or alter soil function, such as the enhancement of soil microbial functional diversity. They also highlight that plant-soil interactions are an important process that can be manipulated for restoration purposes in early-successional stages, especially in nutrient-poor semi-arid ecosystems.  相似文献   
10.
Wooded pastures grazed by livestock are believed to be landscapes that provide favourable conditions for spontaneous regeneration of oaks, including Quercus robur. A key mechanism for oak regeneration in these systems is ‘associational resistance’, spatial association with unpalatable plants which offer protection against herbivory. There is little knowledge on how oak regenerates without livestock grazing and in the presence of only wild large herbivores. We studied this in an area (114 ha) abandoned from agricultural use and in the early 1980s incorporated into the Bia?owie?a National Park, Poland. Its ungulate community consists of native red deer, European bison, roe deer, moose and wild boar. Secondary succession has led to the development of a mosaic habitat including tree and tall shrub groves (29% of the area), open meadow communities (60%), and edge, transitory zone between groves and meadows (11%). Our systematic inventory assigned oaks to height classes (0-0.2, 0.2-0.5, 0.5-1.3, 1.3-2.5, 2.5-5.0, >5.0 m), dichotomous shape characteristic (regular vs. “bonsai” sapling), as well as a habitat definition, in particular the characteristics of woody vegetation in the immediate surroundings of oaks. A selection of 17 oaks was subject to coring for the comparison of growth dynamics. Oak density was highest inside groves, with 504 oaks ha−1, and in the edge zone (493 oaks ha−1) and lowest in meadows (47 oaks ha−1). Most of the 0-5-m oaks (62%) grew without another woody plant species within 1 m radius. The remaining oaks (38%) were associated mainly with Rubus idaeus and saplings of Carpinus betulus and Populus tremula - all highly ungulate-preferred species. The age (0.5 m above ground) of cored oaks in grove and edge habitats varied from 11 to 37 years, indicating continuous recruitment since agricultural abandonment. The initial growth dynamics of the more mature oaks did not differ from that of present “bonsais,” supporting the idea that browsing is not an unconditional impediment and that “bonsai” can be a temporary stage of successful oak development. In contrast to other studies, we found that associational resistance from unpalatable plants is not necessary to secure successful oak regeneration in woodlands subject to browsing by wild ungulates. This might have been possible because of the abundance of highly attractive vegetation making oak relatively unpreferred by ungulates. We suggest that the observed secondary succession provides a contemporary analogy of historic processes that resulted in the establishment of broadleaf forests with a substantial proportion of oak.  相似文献   
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