Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

琯溪蜜柚园土壤酸化特征研究

【目的】为了研究蜜柚园土壤的酸化特征,从而为蜜柚园土壤改良提供参考依据。【方法】采集福建省平和县319个蜜柚园的土壤样品和25个蜜柚园土壤剖面表土层(0~20 cm)、亚表土层(20~40 cm)和底土层(40~60 cm)的土壤样品,分析了蜜柚园土壤pH值的分布特征、影响蜜柚园土壤酸化的因素和土壤pH值与盐基饱和度和交换性钙、交换性镁含量间的关系。【结果】平和县319个蜜柚园土壤pH值的变幅为3.26~6.22,其平均值为4.34,有89.97%的果园其土壤pH值低于柑橘生长适宜pH值的下限(pH为5.0),其中pH<4.5的强酸性果园占67.71%。25个蜜柚园剖面土壤pH平均值不同土层的高低顺序是表土层>亚表土层>底土层,与表土层土壤的pH值相比,亚表土层和底土层pH<4.5的土壤占比分别提高了50.00%和35.71%。土壤的酸化提高了土壤交换性氢、交换性铝的含量,相关分析结果表明,土壤pH值与土壤盐基饱和度及交换性钙、交换性镁含量间均呈极显著的正相关,说明酸化会减弱土壤的保肥能力,导致土壤钙、镁元素的缺乏。蜜柚园土壤的酸化程度随蜜柚树种植年限、土壤碱解氮含量及氮肥施用量、土壤有效硫含量的增加而降低。【结论】平和县蜜柚园土壤酸化现象严重,且园土亚表土层和底土层的酸化问题较表土层更为突出,氮肥和硫肥的过量施用是引起土壤酸化的原因。鉴于蜜柚园土壤的酸化特性,文中提出了降低果园氮素和硫素的投入、结合果园深翻改土施用碱性土壤改良剂、增施有机肥等防治蜜柚园土壤酸化的措施。     

皂化改性菠萝皮生物吸附剂对TVOC的吸附?

对农林废弃物菠萝皮进行化学改性处理,以去除大气中的TVOC有害气体,减轻大气污染的同时实现废弃物的多次循坏再利用,为吸附剂的研究与空气净化提供借鉴。利用二次正交旋转回归以及单因素实验对皂化改性菠萝皮吸附剂的制备工艺以及吸附条件优化；对渣粒径、温度和加入量进行单因素分析；利用吸附等温、动力模型拟合试验探究机理；通过BET、SEM及FTIR对样品进行表征；采用横向对比试验与其他材料对比吸附效果并探讨吸附剂的重复利用能力。结果表明：无水乙醇与氢氧化钠体积比为1:2.8,浸泡时间为6 h,离心时间为13 min,预测值Ymax=8.2759%；渣粒径60目、温度22℃、加入量3g为最佳单因素条件；吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温模型(R2=0.9926),吸附状态为多分子层多位点吸附；遵循二级动力学模型(R2=0.9757),即以化学吸附为主的物理化学双重吸附过程；比表面积显著增大、孔隙率升高,表面褶皱增多,且酰胺N-H基团、-OH等有效基团参与吸附；横向对比试验证明吸附效果在1%水平上显著优于其他四种吸附材料,即改性菠萝皮>硅藻土>活性炭>竹炭>树脂,且至少可重复利用7次以上。     

蜜柚主要病虫害防治技术

随着国家经济发展的迅速和人口的不断增长,农业的发展越来越受到人们的重视,因此农业的发展关乎着国家的命脉,如何利用科学技术来帮助农业的发展成为人们研究的方向。在农业发展的过程中,对果树的病虫害防治是非常重要的环节,这对果树的健康和产量都有很大的影响。因此,本文对蜜柚进行了深入的研究,分析了蜜柚病虫害特点和科学防治的方法。意在为蜜柚增产提供帮助。     

咖啡湿法发酵中使用果胶酶对脱胶时间与杯品质量的影响

以云南阿拉比卡咖啡为原料,在咖啡湿法发酵环节中加入Pectinex Ultra SP-L果胶酶进行脱胶,并对加工出的咖啡豆进行理化及感官分析。结果表明：与自然发酵脱胶相比,果胶酶脱胶能缩短脱胶时间,有效快速脱除咖啡果胶。其脱胶时间与果胶酶的浓度、脱胶温度、鲜果成熟度呈正相关。与自然发酵脱胶相比,果胶酶脱胶所得咖啡豆的内含物质无显著差异,杯品质量干净稳定。就咖啡豆的杯品质量而言,0.01%果胶酶添加量脱胶处理要高于自然发酵脱胶,而添加量为1.00%、0.10%果胶酶脱胶处理略低于自然发酵脱胶。综上所述,果胶酶脱胶能保证咖啡品质的稳定性及提高咖啡加工效率,具有应用前景。     

活性炭在果胶提取液脱色中的应用研究

采用活性炭对果胶浸提液进行脱色,分别对活性炭添加量、吸附时间、吸附温度开展单因素试验,不考虑交互作用,以吸附率和果胶得率为衡量指标。结果表明,在活性炭添加量1%,吸附时间20 min,吸附温度60℃条件下,果胶提取液脱色效果最佳。     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

Pectin purified from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel as a natural hatching agent for fish embryos

Pectin is a biodegradable polysaccharide, and it has been recently applied as a gene delivery, drug delivery, wound healing and tissue engineering agent. In this study, pectin was extracted from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel and characterized. The extraction recovery of pectin form pomelo peel was 14.5%, and it had 72.56% degree of esterification, 1,245.56 equivalent weight, 7.82% methoxyl and 68.27% anhydrouronic acid contents. Use of pomelo pectin as a hatching enhancing agent for fish embryos and its effect on hatching enzyme 1 (ZHE1) was investigated. The pectin‐exposed zebrafish embryos (100 µg/ml) showed significantly (p < .05) higher hatching rate (96.6%) compared with untreated (control) embryos (66.6%) at 60 hpf. The mRNA expression of ZHE1 was also significantly (p < .05) elevated up to 55.6‐fold in pectin‐exposed embryos at 24 hpf. In situ hybridization results revealed remarkably strong expression of ZHE1 in pectin‐exposed embryos compared with the control group. In addition, considerably larger size of the hatching gland was observed in pectin‐exposed larvae than that of the unexposed larvae group. These results clearly indicate that pectin isolated from pomelo peel has an ability to enhance the hatching process of zebrafish embryos via upregulation of ZHE1.     

‘红羽1号’油茶新品种营养成分动态及相关关系分析

为了解‘红羽1号’油茶新品种的营养成分动态及其相关关系，以‘红羽1号’油茶果实近熟期的叶片与果皮、种壳、种仁为材料，测定其还原糖含量、黄酮含量、总酚含量及果皮与叶片中原花青素含量。结果表明，‘红羽1号’油茶中各部位还原糖含量、黄酮含量、总酚含量、原花青素含量具有极显著性差异；在果实近熟期，果实相对成熟，叶片与果皮、种壳、种仁各营养成分动态变化规律明显，但变化幅度不大。叶片原花青素含量与总酚含量间存在显著的线性关系，叶片原花青素含量与黄酮含量和果皮原花青素与总酚含量之间存在显著曲线关系，种壳中总酚含量与黄酮含量极显著正相关。     

不同生育期和不同品种苜蓿的果胶含量及与其他营养素的相互关系

采用4×5两因子设计,研究了不同生育期(营养期、孕蕾期、开花初期和开花盛期)和不同品种(陇东、新疆大叶、L 173、Derby和Super 7)苜蓿中的果胶含量及与干物质、有机物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、钙和磷等的相互关系。结果表明,1)随着生育期的推移,苜蓿中果胶的含量逐渐降低,营养期、孕蕾期、开花初期和开花盛期5个品种的平均(干物质基础)果胶含量分别为11.2%,9.23%,9.07%和8.28%;2)苜蓿中果胶含量与其他各养分含量间存在显著相关关系,其中与粗蛋白质(r=0.952,P=0.048)呈显著正相关关系;与有机物质(r=-0.961,P=0.039)呈显著负相关关系;3)不同品种苜蓿间果胶及其他各养分含量(4个生育期平均,干物质基础,下同)存在显著差异,Super 7的果胶含量显著高于L 173(P<0.05);陇东苜蓿的粗蛋白含量显著高于新疆大叶、Super 7和L 173(P<0.05);Derby的粗纤维含量显著高于Super 7(P<0.01)、L 173(P<0.05)和新疆大叶(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维含量显著高于Super 7(P<0.05);而Super 7的酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于其他4个品种(P<0.05);Super 7的钙含量高于其他4个品种(P<0.05);品种间磷含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。