Genetic analyses of resistance of the wheat differential cultivars Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific to two races of Puccinia striiformis

Genetic analysis of resistance of wheat seedlings to two races of Puccinia striiformis was conducted on F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations from crosses Carstens V (CV) × Lee, Spaldings Prolific (SPA) × Lee and CV × SPA. F₂ generations from crosses of CV and SPA with Strubes Dickkopf (SD) were also studied. The plants were classified into six resistance classes and analysed by factorial correspondence analysis and nonhierarchical classification. The two P. striiformis isolates tested were a French isolate of race 43E138 and a Lebanese isolate of race 2E16, selected for the differences in their virulence spectra for the common differential cultivars Strubes Dickkopf and Nord Desprez. Resistance of CV and SPA was recessive and dominant to races 43E138 and 2E16, respectively. CV possessed three or four resistance genes, one of them being expressed with both races. Two genes of CV had a cumulative effect for resistance to 43E138 and two or three gave dominant resistance to 2E16. SPA had three resistance genes, all of which gave resistance to 2E16 and two of which also gave resistance to 43E138. SPA had one gene in common with CV for resistance to both races. Furthermore, the gene for resistance to race 2E16 in CV and SPA was allelic with a gene in SD, and was probably Yr25 .     

基于高光谱与在线序列极限学习机确证大米产地方法

为满足快速无损的大米产地确证需求，采集吉林省梅河口市水稻主产区及松原、大安、辉南等其他水稻产区共990个大米样本的高光谱图像（400~1 000 nm）作为研究对象，利用多元散射校正（MSC）处理方法对光谱进行预处理。采用多层感知机（MLP）、极限学习机(ELM)与在线序列极限学习机(OS-ELM)算法，分别基于全波段高光谱数据以及经多维尺度分析（MDS）方法降维后的数据建立产地确证模型。结果表明，基于全波段高光谱数据的OS-ELM模型分类性能最好，准确率达到98.3%。经MDS处理后，输入的数据变量减少了96.6%，MDS-OS-ELM模型准确率稳定在97.4%。对三种模型的训练时间进行对比分析，OS-ELM训练时间明显优于MLP，在分批次获取数据时训练时间优于ELM。为大米产地确证提供了一种高效、准确、稳定的方法。     

数字普惠金融对农村家庭相对贫困影响效应——基于宁夏的农户调研数据

随着绝对贫困的全面消除,我国将进入以相对贫困治理为核心的扶贫工作新阶段,发挥数字普惠金融减缓相对贫困的效应至关重要。本文利用宁夏3县区9村426户田野调查数据,运用熵值法、A-F法、Logit模型和中介效应模型,在测算数字普惠金融指数和识别多维相对贫困家庭的基础上,分析数字普惠金融对农村家庭多维相对贫困的影响效应,探讨其影响机制。结果表明,宁夏农村地区经济维度的“贫”已基本得到消除,但健康、教育、安全饮水和卫生厕所等因素导致的相对之“困”依然严峻。农户在数字普惠金融的结算、储蓄和信贷服务已有部分涉及,但对互联网投资、互联网保险等深层次金融业务的参与尚且较低。数字普惠金融对不同权重下的相对贫困均有显著的减缓作用,并且随着剥夺维度提升其减贫作用呈增长态势。数字普惠金融可以通过提高农户电商意愿及行为、增强健康意识、促进消费进而达到缓解相对贫困之目的。因此,为减缓宁夏农村家庭相对贫困状况,需注重农户自我发展能力提升与农村生活标准改善,深化农户数字普惠金融使用深度,充分发挥数字普惠金融的减贫助农作用等。     

芒果果实品质评价因子的选择

【目的】简化芒果品质评价因素,为制定芒果品质评价指标提供参考依据。【方法】采用主成分分析、系统聚类分析及合理—满意度多维价值理论的合并规则,对广西栽培的18个芒果品种的果形指数、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量和风味等19个主要品质指标进行综合评价,筛选芒果果实品质简化评价因子。【结果】芒果的多个品质指标变量间存在相对独立性和密切相关性,主成分分析后提取出可溶性固形物和可溶性总糖含量特征向量较大、水分含量特征向量绝对值较大等7个主成分,系统聚类分析后19个品质指标聚类简化成糖酸比、果肉色泽（L^＊）、维生素C（Vc）、果实硬度等9个代表性指标,经合理—满意度多维价值理论合并规则综合评价,筛选出红芒6号、紫花芒、桂热82号、桂热120号和香芒5个品种为品质较优品种。【结论】主成分分析、系统聚类分析及合理—满意度多维价值理论的合并规则可用于简化芒果果实品质评价工作。     

Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern

Recent studies have related percolation theory and critical phenomena to the spatial pattern of landscapes. We generated simulated landscapes of forest and non-forest landcover to investigate the relationship between the proportion of forest (P_i) and indices of patch spatial pattern. One set of landscapes was generated by randomly assigning each pixel independently of other pixels, and a second set was generated by randomly assigning rectilinear clumps of pixels. Indices of spatial pattern were calculated and plotted against P_i. The random-clump landscapes were also compared with real agricultural landscapes. The results support the use of percolation models as neutral models in landscape ecology, and the performance of the indices studied with these neutral models can be used to help interpret those indices calculated for real landscapes.     

荒漠化防治条件下土地利用系统多维灰色动态评估——以山西省河曲县为例

通过对山西省河曲县荒漠化防治效益的多维灰色动态评估,实现了静态的横向比较和动态的纵向比较。预测了不同土地利用系统的发展趋势,并划分了6种发展趋势类型:即高稳定型、低稳定型、中稳定型、上升型、下降型和不稳定型。结果表明,河曲县的荒漠化防治效益以上升趋势为主。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林生理生态功能群特征

在海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林,野外测定获得3个与植物-大气相互作用直接相关的生理生态特性指标(最大净光合速率、最大气孔导度和比叶面积),应用等级聚类分析和NMS排序方法对热带山地雨林的主要植物进行功能群划分,分析热带山地雨林4个演替阶段(初期、早期、中期和后期)生理生态功能群组成及其动态规律。结果表明:海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林的87个主要植物种类可划分为8个功能群,检验结果显示功能群间存在显著差异,而功能群内同质性较高;功能群的丰富度及相对多度在不同演替阶段差异显著;功能群的丰富度在演替初期最低,演替早、中期最高,演替后期略有降低;演替初期的优势功能群光合能力强,水分利用效率低,演替早、中期的优势功能群光合能力、水分利用效率均为中等;演替后期的优势功能群光合能力偏低,水分利用效率高。     

Spatiotemporally interactive growth dynamics in selected South African forests: Edaphoclimatic environment, crowding and climate effects

Stand-level tree diameter growth patterns were explored for evergreen moist forests in the southern Cape, South Africa. Results of standard multiple regression analyses, involving 934 permanent sample plots with data spanning a 10-year interval, revealed that stand-level increment of canopy species in the canopy layer (>30 cm dbh) was significantly determined by inherent species-specific growth capacities (species composition of the stand), water availability, forest matrix crowding and tree condition impairment (age-related manifestations of reduced vitality indicated by signs of crown die-back, damage and stem rot). In contrast, stand-level increment of trees of canopy species in the subcanopy layer (10-20 cm dbh) was prominently shaped by light availability, as mainly determined by the degree of canopy-level disturbance (mortality rate of trees >30 cm dbh), crowding (canopy-level overhead and forest matrix crowding) and proximity to conspecific adults (within 6-8 m). In addition to species-inherent and resource factors, considerable variation in stand-level growth resulted from site-climate interactions. For 507 of the permanent sample plots, increment data was available for two consecutive 10-year intervals; permitting the analysis of spatiotemporal interactions of growth patterns (repeated measures ANOVA). In the Knysna forests higher canopy-level increment rates were associated with the moister southerly facing slope sites in comparison with the drier northerly facing and ridge sites during the first increment period. During the second increment period, increment rates on the drier, but better illuminated sites had increased disproportionately. In contrast, in the Tsitsikamma forests, higher increment rates during the second increment period were encountered on moister flat bottomland sites (with extended periods of subsoil wetness) than on the comparatively drier southerly facing slope sites (increment period × site-based water availability × forests interaction). In both forests relatively higher growth performance of subcanopy-level trees during the second increment period was associated with stands experiencing conditions of enhanced light availability. Atmospheric temperatures were higher during the second increment period (mean periodic T_max: + 0.64 °C). The detected spatiotemporal interactions were interpreted as site × climate interactions where site-related conditions of favourable light or water availability resulted in enhanced temperature-linked growth responses during the second increment period. A metabolic performance trade-off model provided a framework for the interpretation of these complex site-climate interactions by placing the patterns of forest growth into an ecophysiological explanatory context.     

重庆市县域交通可达性与多维贫困耦合关系研究

研究交通基础设施与区域贫困之间的关系是实施乡村振兴战略的基础.以重庆市37个区县为例,采用地理信息技术对研究区的交通可达性进行定量评价,并构建以区县为单元的多维贫困评价指标体系,以此分析研究区交通可达性与多维贫困耦合度的空间分布特征.研究结果表明:①重庆市县域交通可达性相对较高,区县之间差距较大,空间分布存在明显的梯度变化特征,可达性值由东向西逐渐降低;②重庆市县域多维贫困程度相对较高,空间集聚效益较强,高多维贫困度和较高多维贫困度的区县主要分布在渝东北三峡库区城镇群和渝东南武陵山区城镇群,低多维贫困度和较低多维贫困度的区县主要分布在都市圈和主城区;③将交通可达性与多维贫困的耦合水平分为低度耦合、中度耦合、高度耦合、极度耦合4种等级,重庆市县域耦合度整体较高,片区之间耦合水平具有差异,主城区和都市圈耦合水平相对较高,属于低贫困程度的高耦合水平,渝东北三峡库区城镇群和渝东南武陵山区城镇群耦合水平相对较低,属于贫困程度相对较高的低耦合水平;④将交通可达性与多维贫困的耦合类型分为交通可达性滞后型、多维贫困滞后型、双贫困同步协调发展型三大型,其空间分布具有一定规律,交通可达性滞后型区县较分散,多维贫困滞后型区县集中在重庆市西部地区,双贫困同步协调发展型区县则分布在市域西南和东北两端.