茶树叶部害虫——茶橙瘿螨

茶橙瘿螨是茶树上一种常见害螨,以成螨、幼螨和若螨刺吸茶树汁液为害茶树,减弱树势,对茶叶产量和品质产生影响。文章介绍了茶橙瘿螨的分布与为害、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施,以期为生产上该害虫的正确识别和有效防治提供参考。     

国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家，生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大，堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式，而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源，规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生，针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状，本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标，对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析，为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准，在具体指标要求方面优于美国，但和欧盟相比还有差距，比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失，对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格，长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值，严重影响农作物安全；同时，由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素，加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺，农户施用时缺乏指导，监管部门执法不严等因素，我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此，进一步完善有机肥标准体系，强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制，要求选用原料批批检，加大准入和过程的落实力度，才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。     

木荷的经济价值及培育措施

指出了木荷是云南的珍贵树种,种源稀少,通过森林资源调查,发现了南华县雨露乡铅厂村委会有部分零星资源分布,保护种质资源,意义重大。通过梳理,阐述了木荷资源在南华县的分布特征、经济价值和园林应用,提出了充分利用木荷资源的具体措施,制定了种苗培育的实施方案,以有利于城市绿化建设,创建秀美河山。     

绵羊羊角形态与遗传调控机制的研究进展

绵羊是较早驯化的家畜之一，可为人类提供肉、毛、奶等产品，因而在我国畜牧产业中占有重要的地位。由于各地自然环境的差异和社会需要的不同，经长期的选择形成了数百个外表特征和生理习性各具特色的绵羊品种。羊角作为绵羊品种的特征性表型，承担着双重功能，发达的羊角不仅有利于公羊个体提高其在种群内的地位，拥有优先交配权，还可以有效抵御天敌的攻击，使群体免受捕食伤害；然而，随着规模化养殖的推广，羊角的存在已不利于舍内饲养管理，进而对绵羊品种的培育工作提出了新要求。目前，羊角虽在实际生产和品种培育工作中受到广泛关注，但其形态多样性及遗传调控机制的研究尚显不足。本文根据我国现有绵羊品种，对角的数量和形态、发育过程、遗传调控机制等方面的研究进行了综述，不仅能为后期鉴别绵羊羊角多样性的突变位点和主效基因提供参考，也可为绵羊的新品种培育奠定相关的理论基础。     

深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响

2015—2016年以先玉335和郑单958为试验材料，设置深松+旋耕（S+R）和旋耕（R）2个处理，研究了深松对春玉米根系分布及氮素积累与利用的影响。结果表明：深松疏松了土壤，有利于根系的生长，促进根系下扎，深松措施下先玉335和郑单958完熟期总根干重较旋耕处理分别提高了7.35%和9.25%，其中20~40 cm土层分别提高了15.52%和24.07%，30 cm以下土层根条数和根幅明显增加。深松改善根系形态特征，增加了根系与氮素的接触机会，促进了春玉米对氮素的吸收和累积，使单位重量根系氮素吸收量明显提高，吐丝前S+R处理的先玉335和郑单958单位重量根系氮素吸收量较R处理分别提高了11.22%和12.03%，处理间差异达到了显著水平。S+R处理的氮素吸收效率先玉335和郑单958较R处理分别提高6.11~6.40 kg·kg^-1和7.17~7.51 kg·kg^-1，氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.86~8.00 kg·kg^-1和5.40~9.86 kg·kg^-1，氮素积累量分别提高了33.73~35.66 kg·hm^-1和27.85~36.61 kg·hm^-1。与先玉335相比，郑单958对深松更为敏感。     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

多花黄精不同种源种实形态性状遗传变异研究

旨在阐明多花黄精种实形态性状在种源水平上的遗传变异规律,为多花黄精优良种源选择提供理论依据。以栽植在同质栽培园的18个多花黄精种源为材料,比较了不同种源多花黄精浆果、种子的纵径、横径、侧径等形态性状,以及单果重和种子千粒重等性状的差异。多花黄精种实形态性状及其单果鲜重和种子千粒重在不同种源间均存在着极显著差异;多花黄精浆果形态性状两两之间存在极显著正相关关系,种子形态性状两两之间也存在显著或极显著正相关关系,但绝大多数浆果形态性状与种子形态性状之间的相关性不显著;多花黄精种实形态性状在种源水平上不存在明显的地理变异模式;多花黄精种子形态性状在种源水平上的广义遗传力达到强度遗传范围,能比较稳定地遗传。可以考虑利用种子千粒重这一指标作为多花黄精优良种源选择的间接指标。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

滑县花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫，对花生造成危害，影响花生的 品质和产量。本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施。     

Investigations into the temporal development of epitheliocystis infections in brown trout: a histological study

Epitheliocystis in Swiss brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a chlamydial infection, mainly caused by Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavichlamydia salmonicola. To gain a better understanding of the temporal development of infections in wild brown trout, we investigated epitheliocystis infections during the course of the summer and autumn months of a single year (2015), and compared this to sampling points over the span of the years 2012–2014. The survey focused on tributaries (Venoge and Boiron) of the Rhone flowing in to Lake Geneva. When evaluated histologically, epitheliocystis infections were found throughout the period of investigation with the exception of the month of June. Fifty to 86 animals per sampling were investigated. Highest prevalence and infection intensities were seen in September. A correlation between epitheliocystis infection and water temperatures was not evident. Interyear comparison revealed consistent levels of prevalence and infection intensities in late summer. The absence of infections in June, combined with the consistent interyear results, indicates seasonal fluctuation of epitheliocystis infections in brown trout with a reservoir persisting during winter months from which infections can re‐initiate each year. This could either be at levels below detection limits within the brown trout population itself or in an alternative host.