国内外有机肥标准对比及风险评价

中国是人口最多的发展中国家，生产生活中产生的有机废弃物数量巨大，堆制有机肥是降低有机废物污染风险的重要方式，而有机肥标准则是防止有机肥成为新的土壤污染源，规范有机肥产业健康发展的重要保障。目前我国有机肥不合格现象时有发生，针对有机堆肥的标准仅有一个8年前的行业标准（NY 525—2012）的现状，本文对比了中国、日本、澳大利亚、欧盟、美国有机肥标准的重要指标，对存在的重金属残留、抗生素污染、病原体污染、营养富集及土壤盐渍化等有机肥质量安全风险问题进行分析，为我国有机肥行业未来绿色、健康、可持续发展提出建议。尽管我国现有有机肥质量标准，在具体指标要求方面优于美国，但和欧盟相比还有差距，比如我国重金属Cu、Zn、Ni限量缺失，对Cd等重金属限值要求不够严格，长期施用会导致土壤重金属含量超过风险筛选值，严重影响农作物安全；同时，由于部分畜禽养殖业不合理使用抗生素，加之有机肥生产企业技术的欠缺，农户施用时缺乏指导，监管部门执法不严等因素，我国有机肥施用过程存在较大风险隐患。因此，进一步完善有机肥标准体系，强化对原料中有毒有害物质的限制，要求选用原料批批检，加大准入和过程的落实力度，才能保障我国有机肥产业有序健康发展。

Chinese and international organic fertilizer standard comparison and risk assessment

China has a large population, daily life and manufacturing activities produce large quantities of organic waste. An efficient way to reduce organic waste pollution is by transforming it into organic fertilizer. Agricultural industry-standard NY 525-2012, established in 2012, is the only policy used to regulate organic fertilizers in China, but it is outdated. To improve the Chinese organic fertilizer standard system, we reviewed and analyzed the quality standards in Chinese, Japanese, Australian, European Union, and American organic fertilizers by comparing the organic matter, nutrient, and heavy metal concentrations and pathogen levels. The results showed that the Chinese organic fertilizer quality standard is stricter than that in the United States, but has disadvantages compared to the European Union. In China, there are no organic fertilizer limits for copper, zinc, and nickel, and some of the heavy metal limits (e.g., cadmium) are loose. Therefore, long-term application may lead to soil heavy metal contamination, risking crops. Additive and antibiotic overuse in the livestock and poultry industries, an organic fertilizer production technology shortage, missing scientific and professional guidance for farmers, and insufficient direction from relevant departments and agencies all increase the risks associated with organic fertilizer application in China. Improving the standard system, restricting heavy metals, antibiotics, and other toxic substances, and inspecting raw material batches before processing will support the quality and sustainable development of the organic fertilizer industry in China.