发酵全混合日粮对肉羊消化吸收功能和生长性能的影响研究

旨在探讨添加混合微生物菌剂的发酵全混合日粮(Fermented total mixed ration，FTMR)对肉羊营养物质消化吸收功能和生长性能的影响。通过发酵和肉羊饲喂试验，测定了FTMR的品质变化、营养物质表观消化率、肉羊瘤胃发酵情况及日增重。结果表明:1)全混合日粮发酵后pH和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低，乳酸和乙酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)；2)试验组肉羊瘤胃液pH显著降低，氨态氮含量降低50%以上(P<0.05)；粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)的利用率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，尤其是ADL利用率提高了29.92%(P<0.05)。3)试验组平均日增重较对照组提高50%。综上，混合微生物菌剂加入全混合日粮发酵后，适口性增强，可改善肉羊瘤胃液环境，提高肉羊的消化吸收功能和生长性能，有利于提高秸秆饲料化利用效率。     

4种微生物菌剂对辣椒主要病害的生物防治作用

本文选择4种不同微生物活性成分的生防菌剂，采用盆栽生物量测定、温室和田间小区试验对辣椒主要病害进行抗病效果及促生增产作用评价。结果表明，木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂对辣椒的枯萎病、疫病、炭疽病和灰霉病防效分别达到72.2%、78.3%、71.9%和59.7%，枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂对辣椒4种病害的防效分别达到60.5%、62.1%、60.5%和50.9%；而淡紫紫孢菌菌剂只对辣椒炭疽病具有很好防效（77.5%）。同时，4种微生物菌剂对辣椒植株生物量均有显著促生作用，其中木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂及枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂在盆栽试验中鲜重和干重增幅分别为132.79%、190.35%和211.80%、293.84%；两者在温室及田间小区试验中比对照增产182.3%、152.7%和65.0%、23.9%。本研究表明，生防菌剂可以替代化学药剂用于植物病害的防治，同时还能够促进作物植株生长，有增产作用。     

白口铸铁机械性能研究及在农机制造中的应用(I)

为了提高白口铸铁的冲击韧性等机械性能,扩大其在农机具上的应用范围,采用BZ变质剂对白口铸铁进行变质浇铸,并研究了变质剂对白口铸铁中碳化物的断网效果。试验结果表明,变质剂对于含碳量在3.2%以下、含铬量在12%以下的白口铸铁具有较好的断网效果。     

Alleviation of noxious effects of cattle ranch composts on wheat seed germination by inoculation with Azospirillum spp.

Two commonly-used composts from dairy cow manure that are used to improve poor structure and fertility of desert soils have inhibitory effects on wheat seed germination, probably as a result of their high levels of humic acids. Inoculation of wheat seeds with two species of the plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense Cd and A. lipoferum JA4 (separately) prior to sowing in these amended soils improved germination, similar to the natural level of germination of seeds in desert soil without compost amendment. Both compost amendments increased height of wheat seedlings in the range of 20–25%, increased shoot dry weight by 15–19%, but severely decreased (51–54% less) root dry weight. Inoculation of wheat seeds with A. brasilense Cd, but not with A. lipoferum JA4, significantly increased plant growth parameters (height, shoot and root dry weight) over control plants grown in soil-compost mixtures. This bacterial species could survive for a period of 20 days in compost humic acid solution, could increase its population when the humic acids served as the sole carbon source, and may change the composition of humic acids in which it grows. We suggest that inoculation with A. brasilense may alleviate noxious effects on germinating seeds caused by compost application by possibly transforming the composition of humic acids in the compost.     

利用响应曲面法优化秸秆腐熟剂的腐解条件

以水稻秸秆为代表,研究了4种腐熟剂对秸秆腐解性能的影响。基于施用腐熟剂后的秸秆腐解率和碳氮比,选择其中1种腐解性能较好的腐熟剂,采用Box-Behnken设计对其秸秆腐解条件进行优化,主要考查腐熟剂用量、温度、含水量和外加氮源(浓缩沼液)量等4个因素。结果表明,腐解温度、含水量和腐熟剂用量对腐解率的影响达到极显著水平(P<0.01),最佳腐解条件是温度29.6 ℃,含水量90%,腐熟剂和浓缩沼液氮添加量分别为秸秆质量的2.0%和0.17%。数学模型分析预测得知,在该条件下腐熟剂添加后25 d水稻秸秆腐解率可达63.25%,与验证试验结果基本相符。     

Impact of Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pichia anomala in combination with chitinase on the preservation of high‐moisture alfalfa hay

This study assessed the effects of applying Pediococcus pentosaceus (PED) or Pichia anomala (PIC) in combination with chitinase (CH) on the conservation characteristics and rumen digestibility of large round‐bale high‐moisture alfalfa hay (HMH). Alfalfa was wilted in the field to 23%–27% moisture and baled without (Control) or with PED + CH, PIC + CH and propionic acid (PA). The study was repeated yearly from 2012 to 2014. The PED + CH‐treated HMH had the numerically lowest high degree day (bale internal temperature >30°C) in all 3 years, which was less (p < .05) than Control HMH and PA in 2012. Treatments had no effect on pH, but mixed effects on chemical and microbial compositions across 3 years. The PED + CH treatment had the highest water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (p < .05) in 2012 and 2014, whereas PA treatment had the lowest (p < .05) WSC in these years. Total bacteria were decreased (p < .001) by PIC + CH and PED + CH in 2012 only. The PED + CH treatment had greater (p < .01) soluble fraction of dry matter (DM) than Control HMH and PA in both 2012 and 2014, but treatments did not affect the potential degradable fraction of DM. The PED + CH and PIC + CH treatments increased (p < .01) in situ neutral detergent fibre digestibility after 6, 24 and 96 hr of ruminal incubation in 2012 but not in 2014. Combinations of P. pentosaceus or P. anomala with chitinase have potential as high‐moisture hay inoculants to reduce microbial spoilage and to increase fibre digestibility.     

生物菌剂对烟用有机肥堆制腐熟的作用效果研究

主要研究了生物菌剂对烟用有机肥堆制腐熟指标变化的影响。结果表明,随堆肥的腐熟,添加生物菌剂处理堆温先升高至较高温度(>50℃)后降低,常规腐熟处理堆温基本保持不变;相同腐熟时间内,添加生物菌剂处理堆肥物料外观腐烂程度、碳氮比下降速度、硝态氮含量升高幅度、腐殖化指数和种子发芽指数上升速度均高于常规腐熟处理。添加生物菌剂进行烟用有机肥堆制仅28 d即达到安全施用要求。与常规腐熟处理相比,添加生物菌剂能明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间,提高堆肥腐熟质量。     

尾菜青贮乳酸菌的分离筛选及其青贮菌剂制备

从市售泡菜中分离筛选适合尾菜青贮的乳酸菌,筛选获得产酸能力强、青贮效果好的2株菌株,通过细菌形态学、API 50CH试剂条检测,鉴定SD2为植物乳杆菌,SD4为发酵乳杆菌。对两株菌株在5 L立瓶中分别进行培养,确定了各自的培养最适收获期和两株菌株配比,制备的尾菜青贮菌剂总活菌数大于1.0×109cfu/mL。     

不同腐熟剂接种下肉牛粪污腐熟进程的比较研究

通过肉牛粪污好氧堆肥发酵,对接种不同腐熟剂与空白处理堆肥过程进行物理化性质分析比较,研究不同腐熟剂接种对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明：向堆肥物料中添加腐熟剂可加快堆肥升温速度,提高水分散失率、有机质降解速率,加快粪污腐熟进程,缩短堆肥周期;自主研发腐熟剂和市售腐熟剂堆肥效果相似,项目组自主研发腐熟剂具有加速肉牛粪污腐熟进程的功效。     

微生物发酵菌剂对猪粪堆肥腐熟的影响

研究了添加微生物发酵菌剂对猪粪堆肥腐熟的影响。结果表明,添加微生物发酵菌剂堆肥温度第6d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间达7d,符合粪便无害化卫生标准要求,C/N第20d下降为19.7∶1,第25d NH4+-N含量减少至72.6mg/kg,水溶性碳降低至4.7g/kg,种子发芽指数达到81.4%,上述指标均达到腐熟要求;对照堆肥温度第12d达到50℃,50℃以上持续时间为3.5d,第25d C/N为22.8∶1,NH4+-N含量为973.4mg/kg,水溶性碳含量为12.8g/kg,种子发芽指数为47.5%,均未达到腐熟要求;此外,添加菌剂处理堆肥物理性状明显改善,臭味明显减少。说明接种微生物发酵菌剂能明显加速堆肥的腐熟进程。