不同送风和载物方式作用下冲击式速冻设备中虾仁冻结过程的比较

以明虾虾仁为研究对象,利用数值模拟结合实验验证的方法,研究两种送风方式(单侧送风和双侧送风)和两种载物方式(板带载物和网带载物)对虾仁冻结过程的影响,找到使虾仁冻结时间最短的送风和载物方式。研究发现:对于虾仁冻结来说,采用双侧送风+网带载物可以使虾仁表面流场流速更大,有利于提高换热效率,减少虾仁冻结时间,相对于其他送风方式和载物方式来说可缩短虾仁冻结时间的14%～25%;双侧送风有助于低速侧形成提高虾仁下表面流速的涡流,而网带载物可以避免在虾仁下侧面与网带交界处以及虾仁头部形成射流"真空区",上述均有助于提高虾仁表面风速,缩短虾仁冻结时长;但是冻结速度越快,虾仁冻结均匀性则越差。在本次实验中,虾仁内外最大温差出现在实验组D(双侧送风+网带载物),最大温差可达13.02℃。     

基于主成分分析的吸鱼泵对鱼类损伤评价方法

采用主成分分析法建立吸鱼泵的损伤综合评价方法,为吸鱼泵的研究与改进提供装备技术参数。使用真空吸鱼泵对鲫鱼进行吸捕试验,获取鱼体损伤数据。通过测定体表损伤面积比率、24 h存活率、红细胞数量、白细胞数量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活力、肌酐(Cr)含量等多个关键指标值,采用主成分分析法进行相关性分析,建立损伤综合评价模型。结果显示：采用主成分分析法提取出3个主成分的累积贡献率达到78.232%,可反映出鱼体损伤的大部分情况;损伤评价综合评价模型：F=0.285X₁+0.111X₂+0.316X₃+0.366X₄-0.118X₅+0.234X₆,真空吸鱼泵对鱼的体表和内脏无显著损伤情况,综合得分-0.102,与对照组接近,表明真空吸鱼泵对鱼的损伤影响很小。研究表明,SOD活力、白细胞数和体表损伤面积比率是对损伤评价影响较大的数据指标,采用主成分分析法建立的综合损伤评价模型可以作为评价鱼损伤情况的一种可行方法,为吸鱼泵的改进研究提供了有力参考。     

北方粳高粱微波干燥特性试验与仿真分析*

为明确微波干燥条件对高粱含水率和籽粒温度等干燥特性的影响,以粳高粱“龙杂10”为原料,在隧道式微波干燥机上进行连续式干燥试验。并利用HFSS软件仿真分析试验用干燥机的磁控管排布方式和微波作用距离对高粱干燥均匀性的影响。结果表明:随着单位质量功率在2~6 W/g范围内逐渐增加,含水率下降幅度先加快后渐缓,籽粒温度有所下降;每循环干燥时间在1.02~5.0 min范围内逐渐增加,含水率下降幅度显著增强,籽粒温度增加显著;排湿风速在0.0~2.0 m/s范围增加,含水率下降幅度有减小趋势,籽粒温度略有下降。仿真分析表明干燥机磁控管采用“三二三排布方式”、微波作用距离为250 mm时电磁场分布的均匀性更好,从理论上表明本试验采用的隧道式微波干燥机对高粱干燥均匀性是有利的。研究结果将为高粱微波干燥产业化应用提供理论和数据支持。     

绿茶低温负压干燥工艺优化研究

干燥是绿茶品质定型的关键工序之一，为生产优质绿茶，尤其是保留色泽和营养成分，对绿茶的干燥工艺进行了探索。通过比较传统热风干燥和低温负压干燥，发现低温负压的干燥效率平均提高30%，且在内质成分保留方面具有明显优势。分别以干燥时间、叶绿素、水浸出物、氨基酸，儿茶素和茶多酚含量为考察指标，采用多指标正交试验优化绿茶低温负压干燥工艺，结果表明，绿茶最优低温负压干燥条件为干燥温度75 ℃，负压（0.03 MPa）4 min，低温15 min。应用最优工艺加工超微茶粉，与传统工艺超微茶粉比较发现，低温负压干燥技术可有效保留原茶主要品质成分，提高超微茶粉品质。     

Growth,yield and water productivity of dry direct seeded rice and transplanted aromatic rice under different irrigation management regimes

Sustainability of traditionally cultivated rice in the rice-wheat cropping zone (RWCZ) of Pakistan is dwindling due to the high cost of production, declining water resources and escalating labour availability. Thus, farmers and researchers are compelled to find promising alternatives to traditional transplanted rice (TPR). A field study was conducted in Punjab, Pakistan, in 2017 and 2018 to explore the trade-offs between water saving and paddy yield, water productivity and economics of two aromatic rice varieties under dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) and TPR. The experiment was comprised of three irrigation regimes on the basis of soil moisture tension (SMT) viz., continuous flooded (>−10 kPa SMT), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) (−20 kPa SMT) and aerobic rice (−40 kPa SMT), maintained under TPR and DDSR systems. Two aromatic rice verities: Basmati-515 and Chenab Basmati-2016 were used during both years of study. In both years, DDSR produced higher yields (13–18%) and reduced the total water inputs (8–12%) in comparison to TPR. In comparison to traditional continuous flooded (CF), AWD under DDSR reduced total water input by 27–29% and improved the leaf area index (LAI), tillering, yield (7–9%), and water productivity (44–50%). The performance of AWD with regard to water savings and increased productivity was much higher in DDSR system as compared to AWD in TPR system. Cultivation of DDSR with aerobic irrigation improved water savings (49–55%) and water productivity (22–30%) at the expense of paddy yield reduction (36–39%) and spikelet sterility. With regard to variety, the highest paddy yield (6.6 and 6.7 t ha⁻¹) was recorded in DDSR using Chenab Basmati-2016 under AWD irrigation threshold that attributed to high tiller density and LAI. The economic analysis showed DDSR as more beneficial rice establishment method than TPR with a high benefit-cost ratio (BCR) when the crop was irrigated with AWD irrigation threshold. Our results highlighted that with the use of short duration varieties, DDSR cultivation in conjunction with AWD irrigation can be more beneficial for higher productivity and crop yield.     

大型海藻干燥技术研究进展

干燥是海藻储存、加工、生产的重要方法之一,不同的干燥方式对海藻脱水效率、能耗和品质影响很大。本文对藻类传统干燥和新型干燥技术的特点、研究及应用现状进行了分析。研究表明,太阳能干燥技术能够充分做到干燥过程中绿色、环保,与空气热泵构成组合干燥模式,可解决太阳能不连续的问题;过热蒸汽干燥效率高、能耗低,藻类干燥后复水性好;真空冷冻干燥产品品质好,能最大限度保持藻类的营养和功能性成分;远红外加热技术对海带进行干燥,与同风速的热风干燥相比,可显著缩短干燥时间,降低能耗;微波真空干燥技术干燥江蓠,在保持品质的基础上干燥时间较热风干燥减少70%。本文同时对藻类干燥技术与设备存在的问题进行了总结,对国内藻类干燥技术及装备的发展趋势进行了展望并提出了措施与建议。     

原料茶干燥工艺对绿茶饮料品质的影响

为探明饮料用原料茶的适宜干燥工艺,将不同干燥方式、干燥程度绿茶原料加工成茶饮料,研究其浸出特性及品质稳定性。结果表明:(1)低温浸提时,茶多酚浸出量以炒干最高,高温时以烘炒焙、烘炒烘处理最高。氨基酸的浸出量则均以烘干、烘焙处理最高。(2)烘干、烘焙样品在灭菌前后及贮藏期间的L值显著为高,平均值较其余处理高2.035~3.905;抗色变能力同样以烘干较强,低温贮藏时的-a/b值较炒干处理样高19.5%。(3)感官风味比较显示,大多数处理茶汤在灭菌后均呈现出绿黄或黄绿色,香气带熟,但烘干处理仍能保持绿明亮,且滋味、香气未显熟味;贮藏期间的风味稳定性也以烘干样为最佳。综合分析,饮料用原料茶的干燥工序宜采用烘干工艺,且烘干程度以5%~6%为佳。     

连续式真空干燥机在鱼粉加工中应用研究

研究了连续式真空干燥机在鱼粉加工中的工艺过程、工艺结构和工作原理。鱼粉加工中采用连续真空干燥机具有明显的优势,可以减少高温对鱼粉蛋白质的氧化,提高鱼粉蛋白质的含量,提升鱼粉品质,使其在市场竞争中占有优势。     

煮熟和干燥处理对黄藤笋抗氧化活性的影响

通过测定黄藤熟笋、生笋(鲜切笋)、熟笋干和生笋干的水和4种不同浓度乙醇提取物中的自由基清除能力、总还原能力、总多酚含量和总黄酮含量,研究了煮熟、干燥加工方法对黄藤笋提取物抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,煮熟处理能保持或提高提取物的抗氧化活性,干燥处理则相反。乙醇提取物比水提取物具有更高的抗氧化活性,以50%~75%的乙醇提取溶剂效果最好。熟笋在所有溶剂中的自由基清除能力、总还原能力、总多酚含量和总黄酮含量均表现出最高水平,表明煮熟是黄藤笋适宜的加工利用方式。     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.