影响哺乳期羔羊生长的母羊因素分析

为探索母羊因素对哺乳期云上黑山羊羔羊生长发育的影响,根据母羊体重、胎次分别选取云上黑山羊初生羔羊90只和120只,公、母各半,从出生开始直至90日龄断奶,每10天进行1次体重测定,进行生长发育分析。结果表明:(1)母羊产后体重对羔羊初生重、哺乳期体重具有显著影响(P<0.05)。母羔中,38~45 kg母羊组和48~62 kg母羊组的羔羊初生重、平均日增重均显著高于28~35 kg母羊组(P<0.05)。公羔中,38~45 kg母羊组的羔羊初生重显著高于其他两组羔羊(P<0.05),48~62 kg母羊组其羔羊平均日增重显著高于其他两组羔羊(P<0.05)。(2)母羊胎次对母羔初生重没有显著影响,但对母羔哺乳期体重均有显著影响(P<0.05),母羔中,3胎、4胎母羊组的羔羊平均日增重均显著高于1胎和2胎母羊组;母羊胎次对公羔的影响不显著。说明母羊产后体重显著影响羔羊胎儿期和哺乳期的生长发育,合适的母羊体重可以为羔羊提供充足的营养;母羊胎次仅对哺乳期母羔具有显著影响,母羊的母性行为随胎次的增加而完善。     

播期对河套地区玉米灌浆进度的影响

旨在为玉米的高产栽培提供理论支撑。采用分期播种法,利用试验数据,建立28个生长模型（方程均通过0.01的极显著检验）,将玉米灌浆期百粒干重、百粒体积随灌浆日数增加的时段分为三阶段,即渐增期、快增期和缓增期。适时播种的玉米吐丝后百粒体积、百粒干重增加进入渐增期,终止日分别为吐丝后的6天和20天,此后进入快速增长期,时间分别为22天和18天;其后到籽粒体积和干重增加进入缓慢增长期。适时播种的玉米百粒干重增加逐渐增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间0~502.4℃·d,增幅0.014 g/℃·d;快速增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间502.4~938.4℃·d,增幅0.049 g/℃·d;缓慢增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间938.4~1355.1℃·d,增幅0.018 g/℃·d。     

混合盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗根系构型及生长量的影响

为探讨不同种类盐胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长状况的影响,采用室内培养的方法,研究总质量浓度为0.3%的NaCl、NaHCO₃单盐溶液及其不同配比的混合盐溶液胁迫对马蔺(Iris lactea var. chinensis)幼苗生长量、地上部干鲜重比值、地下部干鲜重比值以及根系构型的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,0.3%NaCl溶液对叶数和株高增长量的影响最小,其次为3种混合盐溶液,各处理在第14天时株高增幅达到最大。经0.3%NaHCO₃处理后的幼苗地上部干鲜重的比值为空白对照的2.17倍,地下部干鲜重则为空白对照的56.61%,随着混合溶液中NaHCO₃浓度的上升,地上部干鲜重比值表现出上升的趋势,地下部干鲜重比值则表现出下降的趋势。经35天处理后,0.3%NaHCO₃胁迫的马蔺幼苗根系总长、根系表面积较对照均显著下降,降幅分别为39.73%、26.08%,而各处理间的根系体积却无显著差异。研究结果显示,0.3%NaHCO₃溶液对马蔺幼苗的胁迫作用最强,2种单盐对根系的胁迫作用强于混合盐胁迫,而0.3%NaCl溶液对生长量的胁迫作用最弱。     

苦瓜种子大小和单粒质量的遗传分析

以苦瓜自交系K7-359(P_1)和K7-422(P_2)分别作为母本和父本,通过杂交获得F_1,F_1自交获得F_2群体,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析苦瓜种子长度、宽度和单粒质量的遗传规律。结果表明,苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的遗传均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C-0模型),多基因遗传率分别为84.91%和76.55%,说明对苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的选择宜在高世代进行;苦瓜种子宽度的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型),主基因和多基因遗传率分别为79.30%和3.86%,主基因遗传效应主要以加性效应为主,说明对种子宽度的改良可以采用组合育种的策略,且适宜在早期世代进行选择。     

基于改进VMD的离心泵空化声发射信号特征提取

针对变分模态分解算法中分解层数和惩罚因子不易确定的问题,提出一种改进变分模态分解(improved variational mode decomposition,IVMD)算法,并将其应用于离心泵空化声发射信号特征提取.应用IVMD算法时,首先根据包络熵差异系数确定变分模态分解的分解层数;然后采用人工蜂群算法优化得出惩罚因子,并将其作为变分模态分解的最佳输入参数.利用IVMD算法对仿真信号进行分析,并与集合经验模态分解结果进行比较.以60%额定流量下采集到的离心泵进口处的声发射信号为例进行IVMD计算,分析携带原信号大量信息的信号分量的频域特征及其绝对能量随离心泵空化状态变化的关系.结果表明:IVMD算法能够择优确定分解层数和惩罚因子,实现非平稳信号的自适应分解.反映离心泵空化状态的声发射信号特征频率集中在50,100 kHz及其附近.随着离心泵空化从无到有、从弱到强的变化,这2个特征频率范围信号分量绝对能量值呈“基本保持不变-减小-增大”的变化规律.     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

【目的】研究减氮条件下新疆滴灌小麦高产高效的调控途径,分析滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的调控效应,为新疆滴灌春小麦的高产优质栽培提供科学依据。【方法】设置不同减氮配施有机肥处理,采用裂区设计,氮素为主区,品种为副区;于2019年在田间滴灌条件下设置7种减氮配施有机肥水平(N_CK、N₅、N₁₀、N₁₅、N₂₀、N₂₅、N₀),比较分析不同减氮配施有机肥处理条件下,强筋小麦新春38号和中筋小麦新春49号的花后同化物转运及籽粒灌浆特性的变化。【结果】在灌浆期内,花后干物质(茎、叶)随灌浆期推进呈先升后降趋势,峰值出现在花后14 d,而穗干物质则呈逐渐增大的变化。随减氮配施有机肥程度增加,2个品种的花后干物质积累、花后干物质转移率、花后贡献率、粒重及灌浆各参数均呈现先增后减的趋势,在N₁₅处理下各指标均达到最优值,N₁₅>N₂₀>N₂₅>N₁₀>N₅>N_CK>N₀。2个品种的快速累积持续时间(t₂~t₁)、平均灌浆速率(V_mean)、最大灌浆速率(V_max)与粒重间均存在显著关系,且平均灌浆速率与粒重间的直接效应最大,2个品种的直接通径系数为1.034 7和0.957 3。在N₁₅处理下, V_mean相比其它处理分别增长了1.92%～30.58%(新春38号),1.02%～27.93%(新春49号)。【结论】在减氮配施有机肥处理下,以N₁₅处理(85%N+15%有机肥)的花后干物质积累量、花后转运率及贡献率最高,籽粒粒重最高,与之相关的灌浆各参数表现最优,即N₁₅处理为最优配比组合。     

Phenotypic indicators for cultured pearl size improvement in the black‐lipped pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera): towards selection for the recipient growth performance

The black‐lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, is the most important farmed species in French Polynesia and the basis of the most valuable export industry. Mass production of black pearls relies on a surgical operation requiring tissue from a donor pearl oyster to be grafted, together with a nucleus made of shell, into the gonad of a recipient oyster. Improving pearl size through family selection remains one of the main challenges for future aquaculture development. This study analyses the relative contribution of donor and recipient oysters to pearl size. To this end, hatchery‐produced donor oysters of two batches, large and small (based on shell height), were used to supply grafts for recipients, which were then monitored individually for their growth performance by recording shell height, width, and thickness, and total live weight (flesh + shells) every 6 months (four biometric measurement times) over 20 months of culture. Pearls issued from the two batches of donors showed no significant differences in nacre weight or thickness. In contrast, recipient oyster shell height and total weight were increasingly positively correlated with these pearl size parameters over the culture period, becoming significant at 8 months post‐grafting. Potential therefore exists to use shell height and oyster weight as phenotypic indicators for selective breeding of recipient oysters with high growth performance to increase pearl size in P. margaritifera.     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

不同蛋白质水平代乳粉对牦犊牛体重及血清生化指标的影响

为探究西藏地区牦牛代乳粉哺育犊牛的适宜蛋白质水平,本试验以藏区高山牦牛为研究对象,研究不同蛋白水平对哺乳期牦犊牛的体重和血清学指标的影响,以筛选出蛋白质水平最佳的代乳粉。选取40头新生当雄县牦犊牛,随机分为4组(n=10):对照组犊牛随母牦牛哺乳(CON),试验组犊牛分别饲喂蛋白水平为21.95%低蛋白组(LP)、24.28%中蛋白组(MP)和26.11%高蛋白组(HP)3种牦牛代乳品。饲喂时间为犊牛30～90d日龄,期间跟踪测定犊牛体重,并分别在30、60和90d日龄采集血清进行分析。结果表明:饲喂3种代乳粉的犊牛体重均显著高于对照组(P0.001),120d日龄时HP组犊牛体重达到最高值;3种代乳粉对犊牛血清抗氧化指标和免疫指标产生一定的影响,其中HP组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性有高于LP组的趋势(0.05P0.1),且HP组丙二醛含量及肿瘤坏死因子a较其他3组低,而免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性均较其他3组高。综合分析显示在西藏地区蛋白水平为26%的牦牛代乳粉饲喂哺乳期牦犊牛的效果较好。     

灰关联熵在长江中游杂交油菜新品种选育中的应用

运用灰关联熵分析方法,对11个2017～2018年度长江中游区国家油菜新品种的农艺性状与单株产量的灰关联熵分析,结果表明,各性状与单株产量的熵关联度为：硫苷0.9793,菌核病发病率0.9808,菌核病发病指数0.9806,株高,0.9863,有效分枝数0.9734,单株有效角数0.9876,角粒数0.9848,千粒重0.9807,单株产量0.9894；熵关联顺序为：单株产量、单株有效角数、株高、角粒数、菌核病发病率、千粒重、菌核病发病指数、硫苷、有效分枝数,为长江中游区杂交油菜品种选育指明方向。