Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

苦瓜种子大小和单粒质量的遗传分析

以苦瓜自交系K7-359(P_1)和K7-422(P_2)分别作为母本和父本,通过杂交获得F_1,F_1自交获得F_2群体,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析苦瓜种子长度、宽度和单粒质量的遗传规律。结果表明,苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的遗传均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型(C-0模型),多基因遗传率分别为84.91%和76.55%,说明对苦瓜种子长度和单粒质量的选择宜在高世代进行;苦瓜种子宽度的遗传符合1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型),主基因和多基因遗传率分别为79.30%和3.86%,主基因遗传效应主要以加性效应为主,说明对种子宽度的改良可以采用组合育种的策略,且适宜在早期世代进行选择。     

全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机设计与试验

为进一步提升全膜双垄沟覆膜种床机械化耕整作业效果与作业效率,基于全膜双垄沟种床双幅覆膜覆土农艺技术栽培模式,设计全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机,实现了全膜双垄沟种床构建过程中的旋耕、起垄、施肥、双幅覆膜覆土及镇压的一体化作业。在设定联合作业机传动系统的前提下,对样机关键部件进行设计与选型,确定其旋耕刀组、排肥装置、提土-种床覆土装置的工作参数与功耗,同时解析了刮板式提土装置、水平双向螺旋输土装置作业过程,得到满足双幅覆膜种床各部位覆土的必要条件。应用离散单元法对提土-种床覆土装置"提土-输土-覆土"动态作业过程进行数值模拟,分析了各工作环节输土、覆土特性,对影响覆土作业效果的相关因素进行了探讨。田间试验结果表明,当全膜双垄沟双幅覆膜覆土联合作业机前进速度为1. 10 m/s时,采光面地膜机械破损程度为39. 8 mm/m~2、种床膜边覆土宽度合格率为94. 5%、大垄垄体中心覆土宽度合格率为91. 6%、种床覆土厚度合格率为97. 5%、种床起垄高度合格率为93. 2%,试验指标均符合国家与行业标准要求,试验结果满足设计和实际作业要求,田间试验工况与仿真结果基本一致。     

湿地松产脂量与生长及树冠性状多点遗传相关及通径分析

为研究湿地松生长及树冠性状与产脂量之间的遗传相关关系及其对产脂量的控制途径,以赣北、赣中和赣南等多种典型立地条件下的28年生湿地松家系试验林为研究对象,对112个湿地松家系进行产脂量、生长及树冠性状全林调查,并对测定数据进行分析。结果表明,除枝下高外,产脂量与生长及树冠性状均呈显著或极显著遗传正相关关系,遗传相关系数排名前四的性状分别为胸径(R=0.93)、树冠表面积(R=0.83)、冠长(R=0.78)和冠幅(R=0.73);通径分析中,胸径、树高、树冠表面积和冠幅通过直接和间接作用成为影响产脂量的主导因素,其决定系数贡献率分别为0.557、0.507、0.424和0.240;产脂量与生长、树冠性状的线性回归方程为:y=-0.255+0.040x_(DBH)+0.004x_(HGT)+0.006x_(CSA)+0.036x_(CW)(F=955.907^**, R²=0.559),模型的预估精度为99.64%。本试验结果明确了湿地松生长及树冠性状与产脂量之间的关系,其中,树高、胸径、冠幅和树冠表面积对产脂量影响较大;建立的产脂量多元回归模型具有一定的现实意义,实现了对树高、胸径和树冠表面积等性状的快速测定预估产脂量,为湿地松产脂量的科学、准确与高效预测提供了依据。     

无人机机载激光雷达提取果树单木树冠信息

定株管理是未来果园精准生产管理的趋势，果树单木树冠信息的提取是定株管理的关键。该研究利用无人机采集的苹果园激光探测与测量数据（Light Detection and Ranging，LiDAR）检测和测量每棵果树的树冠面积和树冠直径，并评价空间分辨率对于果树单木树冠检测与提取的影响。该方法主要包括使用反距离权重插值法间接生成冠层高度模型（Canopy Height Model，CHM）；使用局部极大值滤波算法和标记控制分水岭分割算法（Marked-Controlled Watered Segmentation，MCWS）对果树进行单木树冠检测与提取，通过与参考数据的比较，评估了该方法的精度，并定量分析了空间分辨率对于单木树冠检测与信息提取结果的敏感性。结果表明，该方法有效地实现果树单木树冠检测与信息提取，代表果树检测精度的F1得分为94.86%，树冠轮廓提取准确率为86.39%，树冠面积的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.81和20.56%，树冠直径的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.85和14.79%，树冠面积和直径不同程度地被高估。此外，冠层高度模型的空间分辨率接近果树平均树冠直径的1/10时精度最高，可以有效检测果树单木树冠及提取树冠轮廓，从而准确提取果树单木树冠信息。     

联合收获机单神经元PID导航控制器设计与试验

针对联合收获机在田间直线跟踪作业中在维持高割幅率条件下易产生漏割的问题,设计了一种基于单神经元PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)的联合收获机导航控制器。以轮式联合收获机为平台,通过对原有液压转向机构进行电控液压改装,搭载相关传感器构建了导航硬件系统。开展了常规PID控制和单神经元PID控制的仿真以及实地对比试验,仿真结果表明单神经元PID控制具有超调小和进入稳态快等特点;路面试验表明,当收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制最大跟踪偏差为6.10 cm,平均绝对偏差为1.21 cm;田间试验表明,收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制田间收获最大跟踪偏差为8.14 cm,平均绝对偏差为3.20 cm。试验表明所设计的联合收获机导航控制器能够满足自动导航收获作业要求,为收获作业自动导航提供了技术参考。     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.     

不同药剂拌种对小麦茎基腐病的初步研究

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物之一,由于常年秸秆还田及连作,造成小麦茎基腐病病菌有加重趋势,本文选用不同的杀菌剂进行小麦拌种,通过在小麦返青期、灌浆期、成熟期的调查,表明用6%立克秀悬浮种衣剂进行拌种防治小麦茎基腐病效果最好。     

荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

【目的】探究中国荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体规律,并估计其遗传参数。【方法】2021年7月至2021年8月分别在2个规模化奶牛场测定了628头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛的牛嘴宽度及臀高、体高、体斜长和胸围等体尺性状,同时利用体斜长和胸围估计试验牛体重。利用SPSS 26.0软件分析了牧场、月龄和泌乳阶段等因素对牛嘴宽度的影响,以及牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间的相关关系;基于DMU软件采用单性状动物模型估计了牛嘴宽度的方差组分及遗传力。【结果】荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体平均值为17.28 cm,变异系数为5%,变异相对较小;牧场和月龄对牛嘴宽度均有极显著影响（P<0.01）,泌乳阶段对牛嘴宽度有显著影响（P<0.05）,牛嘴宽度随母牛月龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,泌乳初期牛嘴宽度显著小于其他泌乳阶段（P<0.05）;牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）;荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的遗传力估计值为0.28,为中高遗传力性状。【结论】牧场和月龄对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响极显著,泌乳阶段对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响显著,牛嘴宽度与臀高呈较弱相关。荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度是一个具有中高遗传力的体尺性状。     

抗氰烯菌酯假禾谷镰孢突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

为评估引起小麦茎基腐病的病原菌假禾谷镰孢Fusarium pseudograminearum对氰烯菌酯的抗性风险,对5株敏感菌株进行了室内药剂驯化,获得33株抗性突变体,突变频率为16.5%,其对氰烯菌酯的抗性水平范围为7.39～1 665.76倍,3株表现低抗,4株表现中抗,26株表现高抗;发现在myosin-5基因上存在11种抗性突变类型,其中217位的丝氨酸突变为亮氨酸(S217L)、420位的谷氨酸突变为赖氨酸(E420K)和135位的丙氨酸突变为苏氨酸(A135T)为主要突变类型,其比例分别为45.5%、15.2%和9.1%。S217L型抗性突变体的产孢量显著下降,菌丝生长速率和致病力与亲本菌株无显著差异。E420K型抗性突变体的菌丝生长速率和致病力显著下降,产孢量与亲本菌株无显著差异。A135T型抗性突变体的菌丝生长速率和产孢量与亲本菌株无显著差异。研究结果表明假禾谷镰孢在药剂选择压力下易形成氰烯菌酯的抗性群体,对氰烯菌酯存在中到高等的潜在抗性风险,其myosin-5的点突变与其对氰烯菌酯的抗性相关。