Beaver dams,streamflow complexity,and the distribution of a rare minnow,Lepidomeda copei

Freshwater fishes are threatened globally, and often too little is known about threatened species to effectively guide their conservation. Habitat complexity is linked to fish species diversity and persistence, and degraded streams often lack habitat complexity. Beaver Castor spp., in turn, have been used to restore streams and increase habitat complexity. The northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei is a rare, small‐bodied, drift‐feeding minnow that has anecdotally been observed to use complex habitats associated with beaver dams in the western United States. To investigate this anecdote, we conducted fish and habitat surveys, the latter focusing on quantifying habitat complexity, in a sub‐basin of the Upper Snake River Basin in the USA. Complementary generalised linear model and path analyses revealed that northern leatherside chub occurred more often at sites with complex streamflows, and streamflows were more complex when beaver dams were present and pools were deeper. Northern leatherside chubs were also more likely to occur when temperatures were warmer, aquatic macrophytes were abundant and stream channels were narrow and deep. The linkage between chubs, complex streamflows and beaver dams needs to be evaluated more broadly to completely understand its role in the rangewide status of the species. However, it does suggests that increased use of beaver reintroductions and dam analogues for stream restoration could be a boon for the northern leatherside chub, but such efforts should be monitored to determine their effectiveness to help adapt beaver‐based restoration approaches to best benefit the species.     

A Study of Lipid Bioaccessibility in Canned Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

The lipid composition and bioaccessibility in canned sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were studied. Triacylglycerols were absent from the bioaccessible fraction in both products and each FA had a different bioaccessibility level. While total fat bioaccessibility was in the 60–64% range, the bioaccessibility of ω6 PUFA and DHA was <55%. Bioaccessibility depended on canned fish product species: fat, EPA, DHA, and ω3 PUFA bioaccessibility levels seemed to be higher in canned sardine than in canned mackerel. Daily consumption of 278 g of canned mackerel or 47 g of canned sardine would ensure the recommended daily intake of EPA+ DHA.     

Dual effects of reversed winter–spring temperatures on year‐to‐year variation in the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

To clarify the effects of temperature on the recruitment of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the North Pacific, we investigated the influence of winter surface temperature (WST) on spawners at the time of maturity around the spawning grounds and the influence of ambient spring temperature on larvae using estimated temperature (ET) obtained from particle tracking experiments. We found a significant positive correlation between ET approximately 10 days following hatching and the recruitment per spawning stock biomass (RPS) after 2000. The closer (more meandering) the Kuroshio Current (KC) axis was in relation to the spawning ground, the higher (lower) the spring surface temperature and the higher (lower) RPS was in the spawning ground. In contrast, WST inside KC near the maturity/spawning ground was significantly negatively correlated with RPS. A significant negative correlation between the temperatures in winter and spring was detected in the area after 2000, when the conditions of the Pacific decadal oscillation index and the stability of the Kuroshio Extension were synchronous, indicating that KC shifted northward during this time. The reversed temperature pattern was consistent with the winter–spring movement of KC axis in the offshore direction and was correlated with the winter–spring difference in the intensity of the Aleutian low. These results suggest that the annual variation in chub mackerel recruitment after 2000 was strongly affected by the combined effects of ambient temperature because of the reversal of conditions that occurred between winter and spring around the maturity/spawning ground, which was related to the KC path.     

In vitro effect of levamisole on the cell viability,phagocytosis and respiratory burst of Barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus) macrophages

The present study was to determine in vitro effect of levamisole on the immune functions of Barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus), head–kidney‐derived (HKM), spleen‐derived (SM) and peripheral blood monocyte‐derived macrophage (PBM). Macrophages were incubated with levamisole 10³, 10¹, 10⁻¹ and 10⁻³ ng mL⁻¹ to assay the cell viability, respiratory burst and phagocytosis. The results showed that macrophages treated with levamisole 10⁻³ ng mL⁻¹ gave a maximum respiratory burst response, whereas levamisole 10³ ng mL⁻¹ had no effect. Phagocytosis activity of the macrophages treated with levamisole enhanced significantly when compared to control, maximum response being at 10⁻³ ng mL⁻¹. While using the methylthiazoletetrazolium method to measure the cell activity for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 h, there was no significant role on proliferation and the cell viability began to decline after 24 h. In conclusion, levamisole is a potent enhancer of Barbel chub macrophage activity with low concentration.     

Shelf-Life of Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) from Northern Australian Waters

Abstract

The shelf-life of Spanish mackerel caught by line fishing in Northern Australian waters was evaluated. Spiked fish were stored in ice either headed and gutted or left uncut and subjected to sensory, nucleotide, pH, histamine and microbial analysts and the rigor pattern recorded. There was little difference between the two product forms. Rigor in uncut fish lasted for 14 ± 9.8 hours and in headed and gutted fish for 19.6 ± 16.3 hours. Spanish mackerel retained good sensory quality for up to 14 days. The bacterial load reached 105 cfu/g by 18 days. K values were low for most of the storage time, < 40%. Histamine levels did not develop more than 10 mg/kg during storage. The pH of Spanish mackerel did not change much even though bacterial levels become high.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of a Mediterranean cyprinid

Factors shaping individual behavior remain poorly understood for European cyprinids. We examined the effects of extrinsic (temperature and year) and intrinsic factors (body size and shoal size) on the daily activity of chub Squalius torgalensis, a critically endangered cyprinid found in the Torgal stream, Portugal. We quantified chub behaviors while snorkeling, using instantaneous sampling of focal individuals, in spring 2009 and 2010. We used Principal Component Analysis to describe individual behavior and assessed competing models relating individual behavior to explanatory variables using Akaike's Information Criterion. Year had a strong influence on chub behavior, with individuals spending more time drift foraging and orienting in 2009, whereas in 2010 they spent more time benthic foraging and cruising. Shoal size did not influence behaviors in 2009, but in 2010 individuals in small shoals foraged benthically and searched with greater frequency than those in large shoals. Individuals increased cruising and decreased searching as they grew in length, but the opposite trend was observed as temperature increased. Our results indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence daily activity of chub, with individual behaviors varying between years, and depending upon shoal size, body size and temperature. This suggests that chub display high levels of individual behavioral flexibility, which may be important for fish inhabiting harsh and highly variable Mediterranean streams. Conservation efforts for this species will benefit by integrating behavioral information into management strategies.     

Gonadal morphogenesis and sex differentiation in cultured chub mackerel,Scomber japonicus

The timing of primordial germ‐cell (PGC) migration with regard to the gonadal anlagen, gonad formation and sex differentiation was examined histologically in the chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) at 5–190 days post hatching (dph). At 5 dph, PGCs appeared on the peritoneal epithelium surface or in the mesentery, on the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity. By 10 dph, stromal cells around the PGCs proliferated. The gonadal primordium was formed by 15 dph. The gonadosomatic index was 0.01% at 30 dph and increased thereafter (0.32% in females and 0.04% in males at 160 dph). Ovarian differentiation occurred at 30–40 dph, indicated by ovarian cavity formation (elongation and fusion of the upper and lower ovarian edges). Meiosis was subsequently initiated. A few meiotic oocytes surrounded the cavity at 50 dph; most were in the perinucleolus stage at 60 dph and attained a diameter of 60–70 μm at 190 dph. Testicular differentiation occurred at 30 dph, indicated by the formation of the sperm duct primordium. Spermatogonia gradually proliferated, developing into spermatocytes at the chromatin–nucleolus stage (after 90 dph) and subsequently into spermatids and spermatozoa (160 dph). These data could aid the development of seeding and cell‐engineering technologies for scombrid fish.     

热泵干燥过程中竹荚鱼水分迁移特性

以竹荚鱼为试验材料,对热泵干燥过程中鱼片的内部温度分布和水分迁移特性进行了研究.结果表明:热泵干燥过程的大部分时段中(干燥中、后期),竹荚鱼片内部温度分布比较均匀,基本未呈现出整体性的温度梯度.干燥过程中,竹荚鱼片沿厚度方向存在含水率梯度,并且随着干燥温度、风速的变化而变化.热泵干燥前期,鱼体干燥速度取决于鱼体表面水分蒸发的速度;干燥后期,干燥速度取决于鱼体内部水分移动的速度.热泵干燥过程中,竹荚鱼片的水分迁移主要是含水率梯度的作用.     

鲭鱼鱼肉中组胺菌的分离及其理化性质分析

利用组氨酸肉汤培养液,对鲭鱼鱼肉中的组胺生成菌进行筛选,然后通过生物化学和形态学实验,进而对组胺生成菌进行分析。结果表明：分离得到2株组胺菌,菌种I在5～25℃的培养温度范围内,随温度升高,组胺生成量逐渐增加,在25℃组胺生成量最高,约2700mg／kg。菌种Ⅱ在20℃组胺生成量最高,约为2000mg／kg。依据2种组胺菌的特征和生理生化特征,分离菌可能分别属于摩尔摩根氏菌、嗜水性气单胞菌属。     

东南太平洋智利竹䇲鱼资源渔场时空分布

根据2003—2011年东南太平洋智利竹■鱼生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对东南太平洋智利竹■鱼资源和渔场的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明,2003—2011年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场重心主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S范围内,随着月份的增加逐步向西北方向移动,并从8月份渔场开始分为两个区域,其渔场重心逐渐向西北和东北两个方向偏移,到10月份逐渐偏移到最北端。在产量比重上,东南太平洋智利竹■鱼渔场分布具有明显的季节变化:秋季渔场分布纬度处于最南端,变化范围相对集中,主要分布在80°W～95°W、40°S～45°S区域内;冬季渔场纬度逐渐北移,春季渔场处于最北端,且变化范围较大。这种变化与渔场重心的分布相一致。经度上集中分布于79°W～101°W区域,纬度上集中分布于30°S～45°S区域。79°W～101°W和30°S～45°S这一区域作业次数也相对较高。灰色关联度表明,9年间东南太平洋智利竹■鱼的资源状况较好,研究竹■鱼的资源时空分布为其今后的可持续开发与管理提供科学依据。