水流冲击多段滞留气团的三维数值模拟

针对水气两相瞬变现象,充分考虑了水体弹性、气体可压缩性、水-气交界面的动态运动以及多段气团间相互作用,采用三维CFD方法对起伏管道内含多段滞留气团的水气两相作用进行建模和模拟,选择Standard k-ε湍流模型进行模拟研究,将三维计算结果、现有一维模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,并通过水气两相分布图展现动态变化过程.结果表明:与一维模型相比,三维CFD模型能够更为准确地模拟起伏管道内瞬变压力波动,并且能够清楚描述水气掺混、耦合的动态变化.水流冲击初始两段滞留气团压力波动曲线显示,多气团间的瞬变压力并非同步变化,可能呈现多气团峰值压力交替出现的情况,这与初始气团长度密切相关.水气交界面自由变化,阻断水体长度时刻发生变化,当水体运动到管道弯曲处时会产生新的阻断水体,将气团分成若干部分.     

热风干燥过程中山药水分状态的变化研究

为了解山药的水分赋存状态的变化，以襄阳道地山药为材料，分别在60、70、80、90、100 ℃条件下进行热风干燥，采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）和差式量热扫描（DSC）技术，每隔15 min测定山药在热风干燥过程中的水分状态及迁移规律。结果表明，在60~90 ℃条件下，温度越高，干基含水率的降速越快。山药的T2弛豫图谱有3个较为明显的吸收峰，随干燥进程的延续，各峰面积均明显减少，其中自由水所在峰的面积降幅最大，表明干燥过程中自由水散失最多，而且自由水逐渐向半结合水和结合水迁移，冷冻峰和解冻峰也随之变小。但在100 ℃下干燥时，样品可能因表面板结导致干基含水率、低场核磁吸收峰升高，冷冻和解冻峰面积增加。因此，在实际干燥过程中，山药的热风干燥温度不宜高至100 ℃。     

喷雾降温风机风筒优化设计与试验

为缓解高温热害对茶果树的影响,基于圆弧板型叶片模型设计了一种喷雾降温风机,并对风筒结构进行建模和动力学仿真。以出风口直径、进风段长度和出风段长度为试验因素,以风机出口总压和风速为试验指标,采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件优化风筒结构参数。优化结果表明,各因素对出口总压和风速的影响由大到小依次为出风口直径、出风段长度、进风段长度。最优参数组合为出风口直径1 070 mm、进风段长度350 mm和出风段长度270 mm。选取WJ-7010、WJ-8010型喷嘴,利用优化后的风筒结构进行了风速试验和喷雾降温性能试验。风速试验表明,当风筒出风口直径和总长度分别为1 070、840 mm时,出风口风量为701.30 m~3/min,最大风速为16.00 m/s,有效送风距离约为55.00 m。喷雾降温性能试验结果表明,当使用WJ-8010型喷嘴时,与对照组相比,平均温度降低0.68～11.11℃,最大温差范围为1.80～13.90℃。在38℃高温环境下,喷雾降温风机在20 m范围内的降温幅度接近5℃,降温效果良好。     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

面包面团发酵性能研究

面团的发酵性能直接影响面包的品质,本研究考察了酵母、糖和食盐用量对面包面团发酵性能的影响,分析了面团在发酵过程中pH值和体积的变化。通过试验发现,面团的发酵速度与酵母和糖的用量成正比,但是过多的酵母和糖均会降低面团的持气性;加入一定的食盐会抑制面团的发酵,而适量的食盐却能在一定程度上改善面团的持气性。通过酵母、糖、食盐的配比试验发现,当酵母添加量为1.0%、糖添加量为10%、盐添加量为10%时,面包面团具有最佳的发酵效果和持气性。     

热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响

以"长春大根"白萝卜品种为试材,采用50、60、70、80、90、100℃的热风干燥处理1 cm×1 cm×10 cm的白萝卜条,研究热风干燥温度对脱水白萝卜品质的影响。结果表明,干燥温度为70℃时,脱水速率较快,脱水白萝卜色泽较白,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均较好,VC保留率较高。其次,干燥温度60℃时,脱水速率较慢,形态轻微变形、皱缩,食用品质略差。干燥温度低至50℃时,VC的保留率有所提高,但干燥时间延长,感官及食用品质均有所下降。干燥温度超过80℃后,干燥时间未显著缩短,脱水白萝卜褐变加重,感官品质、食用品质和复水性均变差,VC损失增加。     

冲击式速冻设备上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响

随着人们对速冻食品品质的要求不断提高,商家对食品速冻技术的要求也在不断提高,冲击式速冻技术作为目前先进的速冻技术之一成为研究热点。但由于其高速射流冲击导致的内部换热区流场的不均匀会造成设备换热效率差,能效比低等问题。为找到使得设备换热区流场最优的送风速度,该文以明虾虾仁为研究对象,利用数值模拟结合试验验证的方法研究了冲击式速冻设备中上下送风速度对虾仁冻结过程的影响,分为上下两侧风速保持一致且同时改变;上侧送风速度为15 m/s、下侧为0~15 m/s;以及下侧送风速度为15 m/s、上侧为0~15 m/s 3个试验组进行研究。研究结果为:当冲击式速冻设备两侧送风速度保持一致时,随着风速的增大,虾仁冻结时长缩短但减小幅度也会不断减小;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差悬殊时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在低速侧形成促进虾仁表面流场流动的涡流,提高换热效率,减小虾仁冻结时长;当上下两侧送风速度大小相差不大时,两股冲击射流相对冲击会在虾仁表面形成流速较低的射流"真空区",降低虾仁换热效率,增大虾仁冻结时长;在试验的两侧送风速度范围内,当上侧送风速度为15 m/s,下侧送风速度为2 m/s时,虾仁对流换热强度最大,冻结时长最短。     

绿萝对香烟烟雾的净化与生理响应

为了研究室内观赏植物绿萝(Epipremnum aureum)对香烟烟雾的净化能力及其生长生理响应，从而为香烟烟雾污染防控提供依据，本研究模拟人的吸烟方式，在长、宽、高均为60 cm，密闭或间隔通风的玻璃装置中注入2支香烟，放置绿萝。监测72 h内CO和PM2.5浓度变化，观察植物的表型变化，测定植物叶片生理指标变化。结果表明，绿萝可有效吸收或吸附香烟烟雾产生的CO和PM2.5，净化空气；香烟烟雾处理对植物生长产生了一定的影响，叶片出现水渍状斑块，随时间延长，整叶发黄；植物叶片活性氧（超氧阴离子和过氧化氢）水平显著增加，造成膜脂过氧化加剧，其产物丙二醛含量显著增加；植物启动抗氧化酶系统及时清除活性氧；随胁迫时间延长，抗性减弱。通风可有效加速空气流动，减轻香烟烟雾对植物的伤害。因此，建议在吸烟区摆放绿萝并时常通风，可有效降低香烟烟雾污染带来的风险。     

空气湿度对富士系苹果花过冷却点的影响

【目的】明确不同湿度条件下富士系苹果花过冷却点的分布频率,为苹果霜冻监测和预测提供参考。【方法】以中国种植最广泛的富士系苹果为研究对象,使用人工霜冻试验箱控制温湿度,模拟霜冻降温过程,设置高、中、低3个湿度范围,对富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点进行监测,研究环境相对湿度对富士系苹果花器官过冷却点的影响。【结果】富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点在-6.4^-1.9 ℃,50%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-3.5 ℃,80%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-2.5 ℃,平均过冷却点为-3.7 ℃。苹果花蕾和花朵子房的累积冻害率达到30%(轻度)的温度为-3.2 ℃,累积冻害率达到50%(中度)的温度为-3.6 ℃,累积冻害率达到80%(重度)的温度为-4.2 ℃。花蕾过冷却点的变异大于花朵子房过冷却点,不同湿度处理下花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点差异显著。中湿(相对湿度50%~70%)条件下,过冷却点最高,抗寒性最差,而低湿(相对湿度50%以下)和高湿(相对湿度大于70%)处理均可降低植株的过冷却点。【结论】-4.4^-2.5 ℃是富士系苹果花组织开始出现损伤的主要温度范围。干燥和高湿的环境均可降低富士系苹果花蕾和花朵的过冷却点,尤其是干燥的环境可降低苹果花蕾的过冷却点0.6 ℃,可降低苹果花朵子房的过冷却点0.4 ℃,提高苹果花蕾及花朵子房抗寒性。     

Modeling and implementing the use of aeration to increase water temperature and dissolved oxygen in greenhouse aquaculture cages

In this study, an unique bamboo floating cage was built in order to heat the water used for rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus) and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus, Bloch) in Northern Thailand during the colder rainy and winter seasons. This special greenhouse fish cage (SGFC) was covered with polyethylene to heat the surface air with solar energy, and insulated to prevent heat loss. The water temperature at depths of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.8 m was modeled and measured. In various trials, the cages were aerated with and without heated air from the surface. It was found that the thermal efficiency of the SGFC integrated with hot air aeration at a water depth of 0.80 m was 32.65 %. Throughout the day, the average water temperature was 31.82 ± 0.68 °C, which was 0.76 °C higher than the water temperature outside the experiment, and the amount of oxygen in the water of 11.35 ± 0.13 mg/l. The SGFC can produce one extra fish harvest per year when compared with regular fish cages. Development equations to describe the thermal model were used for predicting the water temperature in the SGFC and thus validating the model. Moreover, the economic analysis of the SGFC found that the payback period was one year, seven months and fourteen days.