有棱丝瓜的氮、磷、钾适用量研究

丝瓜是华南地区重要瓜类蔬菜品种,为获得其合理的氮、磷、钾肥施用量,拟通过珠江三角洲3个代表性蔬菜基地开展丝瓜氮、磷、钾肥效田间试验,获得肥料效应方程,求取最佳施肥量。试验结果表明,丝瓜获得高产和高效益要求氮、磷、钾合理配施;佛山、江门、广州3个试验点的理论施肥量N分别为15.0、23.0、12.5 kg/667 m^2;P2O5分别为11.0、11.0、8.0 kg/667 m^2;K2O分别为16.0、17.0、13.0 kg/667 m^2;氮、磷、钾肥施用量与试验地土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量有关,也与该地区产量水平的高低有关;一元二次效应方程中,3个试验点均是N效应的显著度相对最高;二元二次效应方程中,NP和NK效应的显著度较高,PK效应的显著度较低,说明氮素用量对丝瓜产量的影响大于磷素和钾素;3个试验点的三元二次效应方程中有2个达到极显著水平,说明试验结果基本可信。     

汾渭平原农户冬小麦氮磷养分投入调查与分析

为明确汾渭平原农户冬小麦施肥现状，并指导农户合理施肥，在汾渭平原冬小麦种植区选取22个区/县，连续2年进行农户冬小麦产量及氮、磷养分投入调查。结果表明，汾河平原和渭河平原农户冬小麦平均产量分别为6 949和6 442 kg·hm^-2，其中中等产量水平（5 500 kg·hm^-2）以上的农户超过80%。汾河平原农户冬小麦N和P₂O₅的平均投入量分别为272.6和139.1 kg·hm^-2，施氮不足、适中和过量的农户分别占11.84%、23.68%和64.47%，施磷不足、适中和过量的农户分别占14.03%、7.89%和78.07%。渭河平原农户N和P₂O₅的平均投入量分别为196.3和147.2 kg·hm^-2，施氮不足、适中和过量的农户分别占 28.63%、31.97%和39.40%，施磷不足、适中和过量的农户分别占5.95%、14.50%和79.56%。汾河平原农户冬小麦氮肥基肥和追肥比例分别为60.3%和39.7%，而渭河平原农户冬小麦氮肥基肥和追肥比例分别为 97.3%和2.7%。此外，汾河平原农户冬小麦N、P₂O₅的平均偏生产力分别为30.4和59.6 kg·kg^-1，渭河平原农户冬小麦N、P₂O₅的平均偏生产力分别为38.4和56.1 kg·kg^-1。总之，在汾渭平原农户冬小麦种植过程中，氮、磷肥过量施用依然严重，导致肥料利用率低，因此，未来需进一步加强对农民的宣传培训，使其科学合理施肥，促进农业绿色发展。     

不同施磷方式对海岛棉农艺性状及产量的影响

在新疆生态条件下,采用海岛棉新海35号研究同等用量3种施磷方式(犁地前全部撒施、犁地前撒施50%与作种肥施50%和全部作种肥施)对棉花农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:施磷方式对棉花生育进程的影响较小,各处理对新海35号棉花的农艺性状没有显著性的影响,P1处理可略为提高棉花花铃期叶面积指数,其中P1处理会略提高棉花后期的干物质积累量,以P1、P2处理的方式施磷肥,棉花的单株结铃数可提高4%~7%皮棉产量可提高12%~14.8%。     

施磷量对柴达木枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以树龄8 a的‘宁杞7号’为试验材料，通过施用不同量的磷肥（P₂O₅）［0 kg/hm(P₀)、133 kg/hm(P₁₃₃)、267 kg/hm(P₂₆₇)、400 kg/hm(P₄₀₀)、534 kg/hm(P₅₃₄)和667 kg/hm(P₆₆₇)］研究施肥量对枸杞产量与品质及土壤酶活性的影响，以期筛选出柴达木地区枸杞栽培的适宜施磷量。结果表明P₅₃₄处理枸杞的产量最高，为8 320 kg/hm，与P₆₆₇处理无显著差异。P₅₃₄处理枸杞总糖含量较P₀增加42.86%。P₅₃₄处理 0~100 cm土层土壤速效磷平均含量为28.9 mg/kg，较P₆₆₇处理提高5.63%， 0~40 cm土层速效磷平均含量较P₆₆₇处理增加14.26%。随施磷量的增加，土壤速效磷累积量呈先升后降趋势。0~20 cm及20~40 cm土壤磷酸酶活性最高为P₅₃₄处理，较P₆₆₇处理分别显著增加8.11%和11.65%。枸杞产量与0~20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关，且与枸杞果实磷素累积量呈极显著正相关性。与农民习惯施磷量(667 kg/hm²)相比，P₅₃₄处理(减少20%的磷肥用量)能提高枸杞的产量、总糖、果实磷素累积量及0~40 cm土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性。综合评价，在柴达木地区高磷量枸杞园以施磷肥（P₂O₅）534 kg/hm² 为适宜施磷量。     

磷肥对甘肃临夏地区燕麦干草及种子生产的影响

为确定甘肃高寒雨养区燕麦(Avena sativa)种子生产中磷肥最佳用量,提高肥料利用效率,试验在氮肥(尿素)用量75 kg·hm^-2的固定水平下,设计4个磷肥(P₂O₅)水平(0(CK),65(C₁),100(C₂),135(C₃)kg·hm^-2),对各磷肥水平下干草产量、种子产量和相关性状的变化进行了研究。结果表明：施用磷肥使燕麦的株高、茎粗、分蘖和干草产量均有提高,灌浆期C₁,C₂,C₃干草产量较CK依次提高13.85%,25.96%,22.65%,干草产量与磷肥水平显著正相关(相关系数0.91);施用磷肥提高了燕麦的有效分蘖数、主穗长,显著提高主穗粒数、穗粒重、千粒重、种子产量和秸秆产量,C₁,C₂,C₃种子产量较CK依次提高12.37%,16.72%,14.38%,种子产量与磷肥水平显著正相关...     

大麦 PHT1基因家族的鉴定及表达特性分析

植物磷转运蛋白1(phosphase transporter protein 1，PHT1)家族在植物磷吸收和转运中发挥着重要作用。为研究大麦 PHT1基因家族成员的特性，利用生物信息学方法在全基因组范围内对大麦 PHT1家族成员进行鉴定，结果共鉴定到14个大麦 PHT1（ HvPT1～ HvPT14）基因，分布在2H、4H、5H和7H染色体上。根据系统发育关系、基因结构和保守蛋白基序，可将14个大麦 PHT1基因分为3个亚群。基于RNA seq数据对大麦品种GN121(磷高效基因型)根和叶片中12个 PHT1基因的表达模式进行分析，发现在低磷胁迫处理下，根中 HvPT1、 HvPT7、 HvPT10和 HvPT12基因以及叶片中 HvPT13基因均上调表达。进一步利用荧光定量PCR技术对大麦品种GN121和GN42（磷低效基因型）根中10个 PHT1基因的表达模式进行分析，发现两个品种根中 HvPT7、 HvPT8、 HvPT10、 HvPT12和 HvPT14基因在磷恢复后第3 d的表达量均显著低于低磷处理第22 d的表达量，推测这5个基因在低磷胁迫下参与磷的吸收和转运；此外 HvPT5基因在磷恢复后第3 d的GN42根中表达量显著下降，而在GN121根中的表达量显著上升，说明 HvPT5基因的表达与品种类型有关。     

基于不同分析方法研究磷酸根在矿物表面吸附机制的进展

磷素是植物生长必需的营养元素,也是联系生态系统中生物与非生物作用的关键元素。对磷酸根在矿物表面吸附反应机制的深入认识,有助于了解其在陆地和水环境中的形态、迁移、转化和生物有效性。本文主要综述了磷酸根在常见(土壤)矿物表面吸附机制的研究进展。各种分析技术或方法,如OH–释放量分析、Zeta电位分析(电泳迁移率测试)、等温滴定量热法、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、X射线吸收光谱、表面络合模型、量子化学计算等,均以不同方式揭示磷酸根在不同矿物体系的吸附机制。磷酸根在矿物(尤其是铁、铝氧化物)表面的吸附通常伴随着水基和羟基的交换。一般认为磷酸根在矿物表面主要形成双齿双核、单齿单核内圈络合物,且受pH的影响较大。pH以及磷酸根在矿物表面的吸附密度影响内圈络合物的质子化状态。在低pH、高磷浓度、较高反应温度、较长吸附时间,以及弱晶质矿物吸附等条件下矿物表面吸附的磷可在矿物表面转化形成含磷的表面沉淀,造成矿物溶解转化以及磷生物有效性的进一步降低。最后展望了磷酸盐在矿物-水界面吸附有关的研究热点和方向。     

Oxygen isotope ratios of plant available phosphate in lowland tropical forest soils

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P). Here, we measured the δ¹⁸O_P of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ¹⁸O_P values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ¹⁸O_P values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ¹⁸O_P of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ¹⁸O_P signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils.     

棉花不同品种叶片和纤维中蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性变化 及其与糖含量的关系

利用山农棕02、丰抗6号、中棉45 3个品种在大田栽培的条件下，研究了叶片和纤维中蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的变化及与糖含量的关系。结果表明，在3个品种的叶片和纤维中，蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性均出现双峰，在开花当天最高，花后18d次之，整体呈下降趋势；与此同时可溶性总糖和蔗糖的含量变化以及光合速率的变化也成相似的变化。3个品种中，丰抗6号蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性和含糖量最高，中棉45次之，山农棕02最低。3个品种的相应观测指标之间均呈极显著差异。     

The effects of long-term conservation tillage, crop residues and P fertilizer on soil conditions and responses of summer and winter crops on an Andosol in Japan

A field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1992 in Tsukuba, Japan to investigate the effects of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth in a light-colored Andosol. Three tillage methods (NT: no-tillage, RT: no-tillage for summer cropping and moldboard plowing for winter cropping, and CT: conventional rotary tillage to a depth of 15 cm) were employed in combination with crop residue application (+R, −R) and fused magnesium phosphate (FMP) fertilization (+P, −P). Under the combination of NT and +R, diurnal variation of soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was smaller during the summer cropping season and soil temperature in the daytime was lower during the winter cropping season than under CT. Soil inorganic N concentration at a depth of 0–30 cm was +R > −R and NT > RT > CT. The early growth of summer crops was accelerated under NT in comparison with CT, and yields were higher under NT and RT in comparison with CT. On the other hand, winter crop yields were significantly reduced under NT, while they were still higher under RT in comparison with CT. Yields were higher with +R and +P application, respectively, and these effects were more pronounced in winter cropping. The positive effect of FMP fertilization was greater in combination with NT, and that of residue treatment was greater in combination with RT and NT than with CT. In conclusion, the best tillage practice for Andosols on the Kanto Plain is RT, i.e. a combination of NT for summer cropping and CT for winter cropping. The application of NT for winter cropping is not recommended, although the application of phosphate and crop residues could reduce the risk of yield reduction, because of improved soil nutrient status and moderation of diurnal soil temperature.