利用MAS技术改良香稻‘R15’的直链淀粉含量

R15是适应性较广,产量较高的中熟晚籼香稻品系,但由于含有Wx^a基因,其直链淀粉含量高达23.5%,严重影响食用口感。因此,我们以含有Wx^b等位基因的不育系Y58S为供体,通过杂交、回交,利用RAD测序技术、分子标记辅助筛选等技术,经过8个世代的筛选,成功用Wx^b基因替换掉R15中的Wx^a基因,培育出1个新的纯合株系——‘深华R16’,其染色体上有10882234 bp长度的碱基,基因型和供体亲本‘Y58S’一致,占2.92%;有362363285 bp长度的DNA片段基因型和受体亲本‘R15’一致,占97.08%;其直链淀粉含量为14%。将‘Y58S’分别与‘深华R16’和‘R15’进行组配,结果表明,‘Y58S’/‘深华R16’组合的直链淀粉含量(13.9%)低于‘Y58S’/‘R15’组合的直链淀粉含量(19.9%),其它米质性状与农艺性状基本一致。本研究为分子标记辅助育种提供了新思路,培育出一新的水稻品系。     

瑞昌山药遗传多样性及块茎品质变异分析

瑞昌山药是江西省地方名优山药品种,由于长期进行无性繁殖和种植户自留种,品种混杂退化严重,极大影响了瑞昌山药资源保护和可持续利用。对从瑞昌市不同产地收集的12份栽培种和2份野生种瑞昌山药资源进行遗传多样性和块茎营养品质分析。结果表明,12对SRAP引物和11对SSR引物在所有材料中共扩增出50条多态性条带。不同产地材料间存在一定的遗传差异,遗传相似系数在0.415～0.964之间。UPGMA聚类分析表明,当遗传相似系数为0.530时,可将14份瑞昌山药材料分为两类,第Ⅰ类包括12份栽培种,第Ⅱ类包括2份野生种;当遗传系数为0.735时,可将12份栽培种分为3个亚类。品质分析结果表明,不同产地瑞昌山药材料品质指标间的变异系数差异较大,其中纤维素的变化范围最大,变异系数为54.28%,还原性糖的变异系数最小。主成分分析结果表明,瑞昌夏畈镇产地的山药品质较优,适于进一步系统选优和提纯复壮。     

Detect unique molecular structure associated with physiochemical properties in CDC varieties of oat grain with unique nutrient traits [Feed Type vs. Milling Type] in comparison with barley grain using advanced molecular spectroscopy as a non-destructive biological tool

The objective of this study was to determinate grain unique protein inherent molecular structure that are related physiochemical and nutrient profiles in CDC developed oat varieties [CDC Nasser (Feed Type) and CDC Seabiscuit (Milling Type)] grown in cool climate condition in western Canada in comparison with conventional barley variety of CDC Meredith as a control using advanced molecular spectroscopy. Multivariate analyses, including an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (CLA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to identify protein molecular structural differences among the grains. The results revealed that CDC Seabiscuit contained greater (P < 0.05) protein structural Amide I and II than CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith, while the greater (P < 0.005) structural Amide I to II area and height ratios was detected in CDC Meredith. New oat grains had greater (P < 0.05) β-sheet height than barley grains, however, there was no difference in α-helix to β-sheet ratio values among the varieties. In conclusion, CDC Nasser and CDC Meredith had no difference in protein molecular structural features, while CDC Seabiscuit contains different protein structural characteristics as compared to CDC Meredith grain. The molecular structure features are highly associated with physiochemical and nutrient profiles in grains, which indicate that it also affect nutrient utilization and availability.     

我国蔬菜作物耐低温性研究进展

低温胁迫是蔬菜生产过程中的主要逆境因子，对蔬菜作物的生长发育、商品产量形成影响极大。本文综述了蔬菜作物耐低温性的遗传模型、生理调节和分子机制，展望了蔬菜作物耐低温性的研究前景。     

分子标记技术在工业大麻性别分化研究中的应用进展

工业大麻性别表达影响着工业大麻种子、纤维和药用成分产量,其性别表达除了受到遗传物质控制外,还受到外界环境条件的影响,这种复杂性使得性别研究一直是工业大麻研究的难点和热点。分子标记技术能在DNA水平上鉴定工业大麻性别,开发与工业大麻性别紧密连锁的分子标记可为大麻性别早期鉴定和特定性别分子辅助选择育种提供理论依据。本文就分子标记在工业大麻性别研究中的应用进展进行了总结,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

黑龙江省主栽水稻品种抗稻瘟病基因的分子检测与分析

了解品种本身的抗性基因型对于水稻品种合理布局具有重要意义。为了明确稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pik-m、Pi9、Pii、Pi-d3在黑龙江省水稻品种中的分布情况,选取34份主栽品种,利用这6个抗瘟基因的功能标记,对供试材料进行分子标记检测。结果表明,Pi9的分布频率最高,其次是Pi-ta和Pik-m,Pi-b和Pii抗性基因分布频率较低,Pi-d3的分布频率最低;供试的34份水稻材料中,被检测出最多含有5个抗性基因,而最少只含有1个抗性基因,含有2个抗性基因的品种所占比例最大,龙粳40和龙粳42不含有待检测基因。     

长江刀鲚选育群体转录组EST-SSR的分布特征分析

本研究利用MISA软件挖掘长江刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)肌肉和肝脏转录组中的微卫星标记，为刀鲚选育群体的种质资源评估和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。结果显示，从71869条Unigenes中共获得33896条重复单元长度为1~6碱基的微卫星序列；刀鲚转录组中不同类型微卫星的重复基序具有不同的分布特征，其中，单核苷酸重复、二核苷酸重复和三核苷酸重复为主要的微卫星重复类型，分别占总微卫星数目的34.94%、49.47%和13.34%；不同微卫星重复类型的优势重复基序亦有所不同，其中，A/T为单核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占86.25%，AC/GT为二核苷酸重复基序的为优势重复基序占75.25%，AGG/CCT为三核苷酸重复基序的优势重复基序占28.57%；不同微卫星重复基序核苷酸的数量和重复次数亦有所不同，重复次数伴随着重复单元中核苷酸数量的增加而呈现降低的趋势；从100对四核苷酸重复的SSR引物中筛选获得了16对多态性微卫星标记，并以此为基础，对长江刀鲚选育群体(F3)的遗传学特征进行了初步评估，结果显示，长江刀鲚选育群体F3的平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)、平均期望杂合度(He)和Shannon多样性指数I分别为1.7580、0.3414、0.3977和0.6278。以上结果表明，基于刀鲚转录组数据批量开发微卫星是切实可行的，所开发的多态性微卫星标记能够应用于长江刀鲚选育群体的遗传背景评估和进一步的遗传育种研究。     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

Impact of ethanol,succinic acid,and the combination thereof at levels produced during sponge fermentation on hard wheat,soft wheat,and durum wheat farinograph rheology

The sponge and dough mixing process is one of the most common in the world, yet the mechanistic understanding of this process has yet to be sufficiently explored. In this study, aqueous solutions of ethanol, succinic acid, and their combination were prepared at concentrations intended to replicate fermentation times of 3, 4 and 6 h. These solutions were added to a farinograph mixer to make dough using hard wheat, soft wheat, and durum wheat flour. The results indicate that these yeast metabolites (ethanol, succinic acid) impact the mixing resistance, peak mixing value, and dough mixing stability in each of the flour types, likely primarily affected by the ratios of gliadin to glutenin and LMW glutenin in each flour type. Results suggest a stabilizing non-covalent interaction imparted by gliadin at peak mixing time, a stabilizing effect of HMW glutenin during break down, and synergistic effects of ethanol and succinic acid that leads to a faster rate of breakdown in later stages of mixing. It also suggests an increase in mixing resistance when acidulants are added to durum wheat dough. Taken together, this study adds new insights on the sponge and dough mixing process in a way that has not previously been conducted.     

抗条锈病普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

易位系是向小麦转移外源种属优异基因的重要种质资源。普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1由小麦-滨麦第六部分同源群二体异附加系材料连续自交获得。为了给普通小麦-滨麦衍生系M13063A-1的利用提供依据，本研究利用形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记等技术，对该材料进行了鉴定。细胞学鉴定结果显示，M13063A-1有丝分裂中期染色体数目为44条，减数分裂中期I染色体构型为2n=22Ⅱ，且在减数分裂后期Ⅰ可均等分离。原位杂交结果表明，M13063A-1含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对普通小麦-滨麦易位染色体，易位染色体长臂为滨麦Ns基因组染色体片段，短臂为6BS。分子标记分析确定M13063A-1携带的滨麦染色体片段为6NsS。成株期条锈病抗性鉴定显示，M13063A-1抗条锈菌生理小种条中31和条中32。因此，M13063A-1是一个抗条锈病的普通小麦-滨麦6BS·6NsS附加易位系，可以用作小麦抗病育种的桥梁材料。